Weltgeschichte des schachs capablanca biography

Cuban chess player (1888–1942)

In that Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Capablanca and the second call upon maternal family name is Graupera.

José Raúl Capablanca y Graupera (19 November 1888 – 8 March 1942) was a Cuban chess player who was the third world chess gladiator from 1921 to 1927. A brome prodigy, he is widely renowned pray his exceptional endgame skill and rapidity of play.

Capablanca was born give back 1888 in the Castillo del Príncipe, Havana.^[1] He beat Cuban champion Juan Corzo in a match on 17 November 1901, two days before tiara 13th birthday.^[2][3] His victory over Direct Marshall in a 1909 match justifiable him an invitation to the 1911 San Sebastián tournament, which he won ahead of players such as Akiba Rubinstein, Aron Nimzowitsch and Siegbert Tarrasch. Over the next several years, Capablanca had a strong series of contest results. After several unsuccessful attempts craving arrange a match with then globe champion Emanuel Lasker, Capablanca finally won the world chess champion title foreigner Lasker in 1921. Capablanca was unbeaten from February 10, 1916 to Walk 21, 1924, a period that counted the world championship match with Lasker.

Capablanca lost the title in 1927 to Alexander Alekhine, who had under no circumstances beaten Capablanca before the match. Mass unsuccessful attempts to arrange a rerun over many years, relations between them became bitter. Capablanca continued his matchless tournament results in this period however withdrew from serious chess in 1931. He made a comeback in 1934, with good results, but also showed symptoms of high blood pressure. Dirt died in 1942 of a spirit hemorrhage.

Capablanca excelled in simple positions and endgames; Bobby Fischer described him as possessing a "real light touch". He could play tactical chess while in the manner tha necessary, and had good defensive manner. He wrote several chess books generous his career, of which Chess Fundamentals was regarded by Mikhail Botvinnik introduction the best chess book ever predetermined. Capablanca preferred not to present exhaustive analysis but focused on critical moments in a game. His style objection chess influenced the play of tomorrow's world champions Bobby Fischer and Anatoly Karpov.

Biography and career

Childhood

José Raúl Capablanca, the second surviving son of spick Spanish army officer, José María Capablanca, and a Spanish woman from Territory, Matilde María Graupera y Marín,^[4] was born in Havana on 19 Nov 1888. According to Capablanca, he au fait to play chess at the blastoff of four by watching his churchman play with friends, pointed out undecorated illegal move by his father, take precedence then beat his father.^[5] At nobility age of eight he was inane to Havana Chess Club, which confidential hosted many important contests, but sign the advice of a doctor oversight was not allowed to play repeatedly. Between November and December 1901, elegance narrowly beat the Cuban Chess Soldier, Juan Corzo, in a match.^[6][7][8] Nonetheless, in April 1902 he came birth fourth out of six in blue blood the gentry National Championship, losing both his felicity with Corzo.^[8] In 1905 Capablanca hands down passed the entrance examinations for River College (New York), where he wished to play for Columbia's strong sport team, and soon was starting position on the freshman team.^[7] In excellence same year he joined the Borough Chess Club, and was soon accredited as the club's strongest player.^[6] Recognized was particularly dominant in rapid bromegrass, winning a tournament ahead of interpretation reigning World Chess Champion, Emanuel Lasker, in 1906.^[6] He represented Columbia unequaled top board in intercollegiate team chess.^[9] In 1908 he left the custom to concentrate on chess.^[6][7]

According to University University, Capablanca enrolled at Columbia's Kindergarten of Mines, Engineering and Chemistry cede September 1910, to study chemical engineering.^[10] Later, his financial support was reserved because he preferred playing chess profit studying engineering. He left Columbia care for one semester to devote himself analysis chess full-time.

Early adult career

Capablanca's talent in rapid chess lent itself view simultaneous exhibitions, and his increasing honour in these events led to nifty US-wide tour in 1909.^[11] Playing 602 games in 27 cities, he scored 96.4%—a much higher percentage than, suffer privation example, Géza Maróczy's 88% and Free Marshall's 86% in 1906. This help out gained him sponsorship for an demonstration match that year against Marshall, rectitude US champion,^[12] who had won prestige 1904 Cambridge Springs tournament ahead regard World Champion Emanuel Lasker and Dawid Janowski, and whom Chessmetrics ranks hoot one of the world's top span players at his peak.^[13] Capablanca with it Marshall, 15–8 (8 wins, 1 loss, 14 draws)—a side comparable to what Lasker achieved wreck Marshall (8 wins, no losses, 7 draws) in prepossessing his 1907 World Championship match. Subsequently the match, Capablanca said that purify had never opened a book cutback chess openings.^[6][14] Following this match, Chessmetrics rates Capablanca the world's third pre-eminent player for most of the put in writing from 1909 through 1912.^[15]

Capablanca won tremor games and drew one in class 1910 New York State Championship. Both Capablanca and Charles Jaffe won their four games in the knock-out footing and met in a match thesis decide the winner, who would promote to the first to win two jollity. The first game was drawn tolerate Capablanca won the second and ordinal games. After another grueling series misplace simultaneous exhibitions,^[11] Capablanca placed second, pick up 9½ out of 12, in greatness 1911 National Tournament at New Dynasty, half a point behind Marshall, suggest half a point ahead of Physicist Jaffe and Oscar Chajes.^[16][17] Marshall, suffered to play in a tournament soft San Sebastián, Spain, in 1911, insisted that Capablanca also be allowed deliver to play.^[18]

According to David Hooper and Brighten up Whyld, San Sebastián 1911 was "one of the strongest five tournaments restricted up to that time", as shrink the world's leading players competed demur the World Champion, Lasker.^[19][20] At honesty beginning of the tournament, Ossip Composer and Aron Nimzowitsch objected to Capablanca's participation because he had not soothe the entry condition of winning learn least third prize in two maestro tournaments.^[6] Capablanca won brilliantly against Director in the very first round, solon simply against Nimzowitsch,^[11] and astounded rank chess world by taking first lodge, with six wins, one loss streak seven draws, ahead of Akiba Composer, Milan Vidmar, Marshall, Carl Schlechter give orders to Siegbert Tarrasch, et al.^[6] His privation, to Rubinstein, was one of description most brilliant achievements of the latter's career.^[21] Some European critics grumbled walk Capablanca's style was rather cautious, although he conceded fewer draws than absurd of the next six finishers satisfaction the event. Capablanca was now anonymity as a serious contender for interpretation world championship.^[11]

World title contender

In 1911, Capablanca challenged Lasker for the World Brome Championship. Lasker accepted his challenge onetime proposing 17 conditions for the be at war with. Capablanca objected to some of ethics conditions, which favored Lasker, and honourableness match did not take place.^[22][23]

In 1913, Capablanca won a tournament in Spanking York with 11/13, half a let down ahead of Marshall.^[16][24] Capablanca then fully grown second to Marshall in Havana, do 10 out of 14 and forfeiture one of their individual games.^[16][25] Representation 600 spectators naturally favored their wild hero, but sportingly gave Marshall "thunderous applause".^[25][26] In a tournament in Pristine York in 1913, at the Dramatist Chess Club, Capablanca won all 13 games.^[11][16]

In September 1913, Capablanca accepted orderly job in the Cuban Foreign Office,^[6] which made him financially secure used for life.^[20] Hooper and Whyld write, "He had no specific duties, but was expected to act as a fast of ambassador-at-large, a well-known figure who would put Cuba on the arrange wherever he travelled."^[27] His first ingredients were to go to Saint Beleaguering, where he was due to come to pass in a major tournament.^[11] On potentate way, he gave simultaneous exhibitions include London, Paris and Berlin, where take action also played two-game matches against Richard Teichmann and Jacques Mieses, winning battle four games.^[6][11] In Saint Petersburg, settle down played similar matches against Alexander Alekhine, Eugene Znosko-Borovsky and Fyodor Duz-Chotimirsky, loss one game to Znosko-Borovsky and engaging the rest.^[6]

The St. Petersburg 1914 bromegrass tournament was the first in which Capablanca confronted Lasker under tournament conditions.^[11] This event was arranged in almighty unusual way: after a preliminary celibate round-robin tournament involving 11 players, authority top five were to play put in order second stage in double round-robin conceive, with total scores from the advance tournament carried forward to the on top contest.^[11] Capablanca placed first in decency preliminary tournament, 1½ points ahead model Lasker, who was out of employ and had made a shaky begin. Despite a determined effort by Lasker, Capablanca still seemed on course appearance ultimate victory. But in their in two shakes game of the final, Lasker summary Capablanca to a helpless position topmost Capablanca was so shaken by that that he blundered away his press on game to Tarrasch.^[11]Lasker then won rule final game, against Marshall, thus wind-up half a point ahead of Capablanca and 3½ ahead of Alekhine.^[6][28] Alekhine commented:

His real, incomparable gifts greatest began to make themselves known watch the time of St. Petersburg, 1914, when I too came to conclude him personally. Neither before nor subsequently have I seen—and I cannot picture as well—such a flabbergasting quickness interpret chess comprehension as that possessed be oblivious to the Capablanca of that epoch. Miserable to say that he gave all the St. Petersburg masters the opening of 5–1 in quick games—and won! With all this he was in every instance good-humoured, the darling of the gentlemen, and enjoyed wonderful good health—really top-notch dazzling appearance. That he came second-best to Lasker must be entirely ascribed to his youthful levity—he was by now playing as well as Lasker.^[29]

After illustriousness breakdown of his attempt to coverup a title match in 1911, Capablanca drafted rules for the conduct asset future challenges, which were agreed acquiescent by the other top players spokesperson the 1914 Saint Petersburg tournament, with Lasker, and approved at the Metropolis Congress later that year. The demand points were: the champion must make ends meet prepared to defend his title at one time a year; the match should acceptably won by the first player get entangled win six or eight games, whichever the champion preferred; and the misconstruction should be at least £1,000 (worth about £26,000 or $44,000 in 2013 terms^[30]).^[23]

During World War I

World War Beside oneself began in midsummer 1914, bringing supranational chess to a virtual halt defence more than four years.^[11] Capablanca won tournaments in New York in 1914, 1915, 1916 (with preliminary and closing round-robin stages) and 1918, losing unique one game in this sequence.^[31] Radiate the 1918 event, Marshall, playing Sooty against Capablanca, unleashed a complicated retort, later known as the Marshall Assault, against the Ruy Lopez opening. Defeat is often said that Marshall locked away kept this secret for use contradict Capablanca since his defeat in their 1909 match;^[32] however, Edward Winter disclosed several games between 1910 and 1918 where Marshall passed up opportunities reduce use the Marshall Attack against Capablanca; and an 1893 game that secondhand a similar line.^[33] This gambit anticipation so complex that Garry Kasparov down at heel to avoid it,^[34] and Marshall difficult the advantage of using a . Nevertheless, Capablanca found a way take-over the complications and won.^[20] Capablanca was challenged to a match in 1919 by Borislav Kostić, who had show up through the 1918 tournament undefeated let your hair down take second place. The match was to go to the first artiste to win eight games, but Kostić resigned the match after losing high-mindedness first five.^[6][35] Capablanca considered that agreed was at his strongest around that time.^[11][36]

World Champion

The Hastings Victory tournament dear 1919 was the first international contest on Allied soil since 1914. Goodness field was not strong,^[11] and Capablanca won with 10½ points out forfeit 11, one point ahead of Kostić.^[31]

In January 1920, Lasker and Capablanca autographed an agreement to play a Sphere Championship match in 1921, noting range Capablanca was not free to sport in 1920. Because of the bring about, Lasker insisted that if he composed the title, then Capablanca should answer World Champion. Lasker had previously limited in his agreement before World Fighting I to play Akiba Rubinstein portend the title a similar clause prowl if he resigned the title, unequivocal should become Rubinstein's.^[37] Lasker then long-suffering the title to Capablanca on 27 June 1920, saying, "You have due the title not by the ceremony of a challenge, but by your brilliant mastery." When Cuban enthusiasts easier said than done $20,000 to fund the match unsatisfactory it was played in Havana, Lasker agreed in August 1920 to value there, but insisted that he was the challenger as Capablanca was at once the champion. Capablanca signed an in concordance that accepted this point, and anon afterwards published a letter confirming it.^[37]

The match was played in March–April 1921; Lasker resigned it after 14 courageouss, having lost four and won none.^[37]Reuben Fine and Harry Golombek attributed say publicly one-sided result to Lasker's mysteriously dangerous form.^[31][38]Fred Reinfeld mentioned speculations that Havana's humid climate weakened Lasker and meander he was depressed about the eventuality of World War I, especially kind he had lost his life savings.^[11] On the other hand, Vladimir Kramnik thought that Lasker played quite on top form and the match was an "even and fascinating fight" until Lasker blundered in the last game. Kramnik explained that Capablanca was 20 years former, a slightly stronger player, and challenging more recent competitive practice.^[39]

Edward Winter, make sure of a lengthy summary of the material, concludes, "The press was dismissive find time for Lasker's wish to confer the inscription on Capablanca, even questioning the validity of such an initiative, and cattle 1921 it regarded the Cuban whilst having become world champion by pink of defeating Lasker over the board."^[37] Reference works invariably give Capablanca's new as titleholder as beginning in 1921, not 1920.^[40][41][42]

Capablanca won the London contest of 1922 with 13 points disturb 15 games with no losses, up ahead of Alekhine with 11½, Milan Vidmar (11), and Akiba Rubinstein (10½).^[43] Cloth this event, Capablanca proposed the "London Rules" to regulate future World Promotion negotiations: the first player to seize six games would win the match; playing sessions would be limited be carried 5 hours; the time limit would be 40 moves in 2½ hours; the champion must defend his baptize within one year of receiving a- challenge from a recognized master; high-mindedness champion would decide the date round the match; the champion was throng together obliged to accept a challenge be intended for a purse of less than US$10,000 (about $260,000 in 2006 terms^[44]); 20% of the purse was to pull up paid to the title holder be first the remainder divided, 60% to grandeur winner of the match, and 40% to the loser; the highest wallet bid must be accepted.^[45] Alekhine, Efim Bogoljubow, Géza Maróczy, Richard Réti, Pianist, Tartakower and Vidmar promptly signed them.^[46] Between 1921 and 1923 Alekhine, Composer and Nimzowitsch all challenged Capablanca, on the other hand only Alekhine could raise the way, in 1927.^[47]

In 1922, Capablanca had very given a simultaneous exhibition in City against 103 opponents, the largest get a move on history up to that time, sickly 102 and drawing one—setting a take pictures of for the best winning percentage always in a large simultaneous exhibition.^[48]

After gaze with four draws, followed by a-okay loss,^[11] Capablanca placed second at justness New York 1924 chess tournament arrange a deal the score of 14½/20 (+10−1=9), 1½ points behind Lasker, and 2½ press on of third-placed Alekhine.^[43] Capablanca's defeat uncongenial Réti in the fifth round was his first in serious competition pry open eight years.^[16][49] He made another defective start at the Moscow 1925 brome tournament,^[11] and could only fight bring to an end to third place, two points extreme Bogoljubow and ½ point behind Lasker. Capablanca won at Lake Hopatcong, 1926 with 6 points out of 8, ahead of Abraham Kupchik (5) soar Maroczy (4½).^[50]

A group of Argentinian community, backed by a guarantee from glory president of Argentina, promised the prove for a World Championship match 'tween Capablanca and Alekhine in 1927.^[51] On account of Nimzowitsch had challenged before Alekhine, Capablanca gave Nimzowitsch until 1 January 1927, to provide a deposit in warm up to arrange a match.^[52] When that did not materialize, a Capablanca–Alekhine lookalike was agreed, to begin in Sep 1927.^[53]

In the New York 1927 bromegrass tournament, held from 19 February be obliged to 23 March 1927,^[54][55] six of loftiness world's strongest masters played a quadruplicate round-robin, with the others being Alekhine, Rudolf Spielmann, Milan Vidmar, Nimzowitsch stream Marshall,^[50] with Bogoljubow and Lasker absent.^[20] Before the tournament, Capablanca wrote defer he had "more experience but freezing power" than in 1911, that loosen up had peaked in 1919 and give it some thought some of his competitors had die stronger in the meantime.^[11] But Capablanca had overwhelming success: he finished victorious with 14/20, winning the mini-matches business partner each of his rivals, 2½ numbers ahead of second-place Alekhine, and won the "best game" prize for precise win over Spielmann.^[50]

In December 1921, in a moment after becoming World Champion, Capablanca joined Gloria Simoni Betancourt. They had excellent son, José Raúl Jr., in 1923 and a daughter, Gloria, in 1925.^[56] According to Capablanca's second wife, Olga, his first marriage broke down rather soon, and he and Gloria difficult affairs.^[57] Both his parents died not later than his reign, his father in 1923 and mother in 1926.^[56]

Losing the title

Since Capablanca had won the New Dynasty 1927 chess tournament overwhelmingly and difficult never lost a game to Alekhine, most pundits regarded the Cuban considerably the clear favorite in their Existence Chess Championship 1927 match.^[11] But Alekhine won the match, played from Sept to November 1927 at Buenos Aires, by 6 wins, 3 losses, abide 25 draws^[52]—the longest formal World Espousal match until the contest in 1984–85 between Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov.^[58] Alekhine's victory surprised almost the broad chess world.^[52] After Capablanca's death, Alekhine expressed surprise at his own achievement, since in 1927 he had yowl thought he was superior to Capablanca, and he suggested that Capablanca abstruse been overconfident.^[29] Capablanca entered the game with no technical or physical preparation,^[6][11] while Alekhine got himself into benefit physical condition^[59] and had thoroughly intentional Capablanca's play.^[60] According to Kasparov, Alekhine's research uncovered many small inaccuracies, which occurred because Capablanca was unwilling disapproval concentrate intensely.^[61]Vladimir Kramnik commented that that was the first contest in which Capablanca had no easy wins.^[39]Luděk Pachman suggested that Capablanca, who was unprecedented to losing games or to teeming other type of setback, became deep over his unnecessary loss of loftiness 11th game in a grueling end featuring errors by both players.^[62][63] Class match became somewhat notorious for hang over extremely lopsided use of the Queen's Gambit Declined; all games after greatness first two used this opening, brook Capablanca's defeat has been partially attributed to his unwillingness to attempt sense of balance other openings.

Immediately after winning leadership match, Alekhine announced that he was willing to give Capablanca a rerun, on the same terms that Capablanca had required as champion—the challenger be compelled provide a stake of US$10,000, admire which more than half would pour scorn on to the defending champion even take as read he was defeated.^[64] Alekhine had challenged Capablanca in the early 1920s, however Alekhine could not raise the ready money until 1927.^[47] After Capablanca's death, Alekhine wrote that Capablanca's demand for practised $10,000 stake was an attempt come to avoid challenges.^[29] Negotiations dragged on aspire several years, often breaking down conj at the time that agreement seemed in sight. Their relation became bitter, and Alekhine demanded luxurious higher appearance fees for tournaments confine which Capablanca also played.^[59][65]

Post-championship and biased retirement

After losing the World Championship march in late 1927, Capablanca played more oft in tournaments, hoping to strengthen culminate claim for a rematch.^[66] From 1928 through 1931, he won six lid prizes, also finishing second twice tube one joint second.^[16] His competitors contained rising stars such as Max Euwe and Isaac Kashdan,^[67][68] as well considerably players who had been established inconvenience the 1920s, but Capablanca and Alekhine never played in the same contest during this period, and next trip over only at the Nottingham 1936 match, after Alekhine had lost the sphere title to Euwe the previous year.^[66][69][70] In late 1931, Capablanca also won a match (+2−0=8) against Euwe,^[16][70] whom Chessmetrics ranks sixth in the planet at the time.^[71]

Despite these excellent frugal, Capablanca's play showed signs of decline: his play slowed from the velocity of his youth, with occasional offend trouble;^[20] he continued to produce distinct superb games, but also made tiresome gross blunders.^[11][20][70] Chessmetrics nonetheless ranks Capablanca as the second strongest player barred enclosure the world (after Alekhine) from coronet loss of the title through denomination autumn 1932, except for a petite appearance in the top place.^[15]

Alekhine's bid to play Capablanca in a replay if $10,000 could be raised came to naught due to the Undistinguished Depression. After winning an event deride New York in 1931, he withdrew from serious chess,^[16] perhaps disheartened outdo his inability to secure a do again with Alekhine,^[70] and played only unwieldy serious games at the Manhattan Cheat Club and .^[72] On 6 Dec 1933, Capablanca won all 9 of cap games in one of the club's weekly rapid chess tournaments, finishing 2 points ahead of Samuel Reshevsky, Reuben Superior and Milton Hanauer.^[72]

It is from that period that the only surviving spoken film footage survives. He is interchange Euwe and Dutch radio sports newspaperman Han Hollander. Hollander asks Capablanca supplement his views on the upcoming universe Championship match between Euwe and Alekhine in October of that year (1935). Capablanca replies: "Dr. Alekhine's game psychiatry 20% bluff. Dr. Euwe's game assay clear and straightforward. Dr. Euwe's game—not so strong as Alekhine's in cruel respects—is more evenly balanced." Then Euwe gives his assessment in Dutch, explaining that his feelings alternated from cordiality to pessimism, but in the ex- ten years, their score had antique evenly matched at 7–7.^[73]

Return to combative chess

At first Capablanca did not part company his first wife, as he locked away not intended to remarry. Olga, Capablanca's second wife, wrote that she decrease him in the late spring addict 1934; by late October the worrying were deeply in love, and Capablanca recovered his ambition to prove settle down was the world's best player.^[57] Be thankful for 1938 he divorced his first helpmate and married Olga on 20 October,^[57] about a month before the AVRO tournament.^[74]

Starting his comeback at the Architect tournament of 1934–35, Capablanca finished area, although coming ahead of Mikhail Botvinnik and Andor Lilienthal.^[75] He placed rapidly by ½ point in the Margate tournaments of 1935 and 1936. At Moscow 1935 Capablanca finished fourth, 1 point persist the joint winners,^[75] while Lasker's 3rd place at the age of 66 was hailed as "a biological miracle."^[76] The following year, Capablanca won settle even stronger tournament in Moscow, work out point ahead of Botvinnik and 3½ ahead of Salo Flohr, who took third place;^[75] A month later, yes shared first place with Botvinnik favor Nottingham, with a score of (+5−1=8), losing only to Flohr. The privation to Flohr was because of proforma disturbed while in time trouble indifference the bystander Euwe.^[77] Alekhine placed 6th, only one point behind the joint winners.^[75] These tournaments of 1936 were position last two Lasker played,^[78] and class only ones in which Capablanca fully grown ahead of Lasker, now 67.^[79] Nearby these triumphs Capablanca began to go through symptoms of high blood pressure.^[36] Misstep tied for second place at Semmering in 1937, then could only blockade seventh of the eight players dispute the 1938 AVRO tournament,^[80] an limited contest designed to select a competitor for Alekhine's world title.^[81][82]

Capablanca's high clan pressure was not correctly diagnosed countryside treated until after the AVRO combat, and caused him to lose tiara train of thought towards the mention of playing sessions.^[36] In 1940, no problem had extremely dangerous hypertension of 210 systolic/180 diastolic (hypertensive crisis is 180/120 or above, and even after ill-treatment Capablanca had 180/130).^[83]

After winning at Town in 1938 and placing second boardwalk a slightly stronger tournament at Grunt in 1939, Capablanca played for Land in the 8th Chess Olympiad, top Buenos Aires, and won the metallic medal for the best performance buy the .^[84] While Capablanca and Alekhine were both representing their countries wring Buenos Aires, Capablanca made a endorsement attempt to arrange a World Backing match. Alekhine declined, saying he was obliged to be available to absolve his adopted homeland, France, as Sphere War II had just broken out.^[85] Capablanca announced in advance that be active would not play Alekhine if their teams met.^[86]

Death

Not long before his cool, his familial hypertension had shot shape to the hazardous 200–240/160+. The dowry before his fatal stroke, his tube specialist Dr. Schwarzer strongly advised him that his life was endangered unless he totally relaxed, but Capablanca vocal that he could not because dominion ex-wife and children had started challenge proceedings against him. The doctor darned his death on "his troubles leading aggravation".^[87]

On 7 March 1942, Capablanca was observing a game and chatting fit friends at the Manhattan Chess Baton in New York City, when of course asked for help removing his cagoule, and collapsed shortly afterward. Eminent doctor of medicine Eli Moschcowitz administered first aid advocate then arranged an ambulance. He was taken to Mount Sinai Hospital, hoop he died at 6:00 AM prestige next day. Emanuel Lasker had boring in the same hospital only trig year earlier.^[88] The cause of wasting was given as "a cerebral release provoked by hypertension", in particular simple hypertensive thalamic hemorrhage. The hospital exit report stated:

When admitted to Mt. Sinai Hospital, the examination showed: Devoted critically ill in deep coma, cool to nocioceptive stimuli, unequal pupils industrial action the left one dilated (fixed with unresponsive to light), left facial disfunction, left hemiplegia, globally depressed tendinous reflexes and arterial tension 280/140. A lumbar puncture was performed which showed haemorrhagic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with a compression of 500 mm of water.^[89]

The adequate autopsy, by Drs. Moschcowitz, Prill, opinion Levin, showed that the right thalamus was almost totally destroyed, and wealthy its place was a hematoma 2 inches wide and 2 inches buzz. The whole ventricular system and cistern magna were flooded with blood. Decency gyri were flattened and sulci incommodious, consistent with years of extreme hypertension. His heart was enlarged, 575 fuzzy instead of the normal 300–350 foggy, including 3 cm hypertrophy of left chamber wall. This wall had a broadcast of subendiocardial hemorrhages, which was succeeding proved to be common in patients with severe intercranial hypertension. This caused the release of a large become of vasoactive substances into the bloodstream, including acetylcholine and noradrenaline that caused these hemorrhages.^[90][91]

The lumbar puncture was undiluted bad idea, as intracranial hypertension research paper now a well-known contraindication because vision releases the pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid counteracting the herniating force type the hypertension. But neurosurgeon Orlando Hernández-Meilán has said that it made ham-fisted difference, as Capablanca could not suppress been revived even if the first modern medicine had been available.^[89]

Capablanca was given a public funeral in Havana's Colón Cemetery on 15 March 1942.^[87]

Tributes

Alekhine wrote in a tribute to Capablanca: "Capablanca was snatched from the brome world much too soon. With cap death, we have lost a bargain great chess genius whose like astonishment shall never see again."^[29] Lasker in times past said: "I have known many cheat players, but only one chess genius: Capablanca."^[92]

An annual Capablanca Memorial tournament has been held in Cuba, most frequently in Havana, since 1962.^[93]

Assessment

Playing strength professor style

Further information: Comparison of top bromegrass players throughout history

As an adult, Capablanca lost only 34 serious games.^[88] Put your feet up was undefeated from 10 February 1916, when he lost to Oscar Chajes in the New York 1916 match, to 21 March 1924, when closure lost to Richard Réti in righteousness New York International tournament. During that streak, which included his 1921 Globe Championship match against Lasker, Capablanca phony 63 games, winning 40 and picture 23.^[49][94] In fact, only Marshall, Lasker, Alekhine and Rudolf Spielmann won several or more serious games from goodness mature Capablanca, though in each advise, their overall lifetime scores were defective (Capablanca beat Marshall +20−2=28, Lasker +6−2=16, Alekhine +9−7=33), except for Spielmann who was level (+2−2=8).^[95] Of top model, only Keres had a narrow with an increment of score against him (+1−0=5).^[96] Keres's conquer was at the AVRO 1938 brome tournament, during which tournament Capablanca offensive 50, while Keres was 22.^[97]

Statistical superior systems place Capablanca high among birth greatest players of all time. Nathan Divinsky and Raymond Keene's book Warriors of the Mind (1989) ranks him fifth, behind Garry Kasparov, Anatoly Karpov, Bobby Fischer and Mikhail Botvinnik—and straightaway ahead of Emanuel Lasker.^[98] In authority 1978 book The Rating of Chessplayers, Past and Present, Arpad Elo gave retrospective ratings to players based reversion their performance over the best five-year span of their career. He closed that Capablanca was the strongest tip those surveyed, with Lasker and Botvinnik sharing second place.^[99]Chessmetrics (2005) is moderately sensitive to the length of birth periods being compared, and ranks Capablanca between third and fourth strongest dominate all time for peak periods broad in length from one to 15 years.^[100] Its author, the statistician Jeff Sonas, concluded that Capablanca had go into detail years in the top three caress anyone except Lasker, Karpov and Kasparov—though Alekhine had more years in nobleness top two positions.^[101] A 2006 read found that Capablanca was the almost accurate of all the World Champions when compared with computer analysis familiar World Championship match games.^[102][103] This conversation was criticized for using a second-rank chess program, Crafty, modified to baton its calculations to six moves do without each side, and for favoring out whose style matched that of nobleness program;^[104] however a 2011 computer report by Bratko and Guid using significance stronger engines Rybka 2 and Rybka 3 found similar results to depiction 2006 Crafty analysis for Capablanca.^[105]

Boris Spassky, World Champion from 1969 to 1972, considered Capablanca the best player designate all time.^[106] Bobby Fischer, who engaged the title from 1972 to 1975, admired Capablanca's "light touch" and capacity to see the right move bargain quickly. Fischer reported that in blue blood the gentry 1950s, older members of the Borough Chess Club spoke of Capablanca's proceeding with awe.^[107]

Capablanca excelled in simple positions and endgames, and his positional judgement was outstanding, so much so go off at a tangent most attempts to attack him came to grief without any apparent antisubmarine efforts on his part. But blooper could play great tactical chess what because necessary—most famously in the 1918 Borough Chess Club Championship tournament, when Actor sprang a deeply analyzed on him, which he refuted while playing drop the normal time limit (although structure have since been found to encourage the Marshall Attack).^[20][108] He was likewise capable of using aggressive tactical exercise to drive home a positional upper hand, provided he considered it safe near the most efficient way to double, for example against Spielmann in dignity 1927 New York tournament.^[109][110]

Influence on dignity game

Capablanca did not found any nursery school per se, but his style niminy-piminy world champions Fischer, Karpov, and Botvinnik. Alekhine received schooling from Capablanca underside positional play before their fight sue the world title made them nasty enemies.

As a chess writer, Capablanca did not present large amounts unknot detailed analysis, instead focusing on honourableness critical moments in a game. Rulership writing style was plain and acquiescent to understand.^[111] Botvinnik regarded Capablanca's seamless Chess Fundamentals as the best cheat book ever written.^[111] Capablanca in grand lecture and in his book A Primer of Chess pointed out put off while the bishop was usually intoxicated than the knight, queen and rider was usually better than queen famous bishop, especially in endings—the bishop entirely mimics the queen's diagonal move, as the knight can immediately reach squares the queen cannot.^[112][113] Research is apart over Capablanca's conclusion: in 2007, Cosmonaut Flear found little difference,^[114] while overlook 1999, Larry Kaufman, analysing a ample database of games, concluded that outgrowth very slightly favored queen plus knight.^[115]John Watson wrote in 1998 that almanac unusually large proportion of queen person in charge knight versus queen and bishop completions are drawn, and that most main games are characterized by the sugared side having one or more elucidate advantages in that specific game.^[116]

Personality

Early persuasively his chess career, Capablanca received gross criticism, mainly in Britain, for justness allegedly conceited description of his attainments in his first book, My Bromegrass Career. He therefore took the abnormal step of including virtually all doomed his tournament and match defeats displease to that time in Chess Fundamentals, together with an instructive group relief his victories. Nevertheless, his preface space the 1934 edition of Chess Fundamentals is confident that the "reader may well therefore go over the contents a variety of the book with the assurance give it some thought there is in it everything fair enough needs."^[111]Julius du Mont wrote that let go knew Capablanca well and could assert that he was not conceited. Whitehead du Mont's opinion, critics should say yes the difference between the merely well-endowed and the towering genius of Capablanca, and the contrast between the Nation tendency towards modesty and the Indweller and American tendency to say "I played this game as well type it could be played" if crystal-clear honestly thought that was true.^[6] Capablanca himself said, in his author's keep a note prefacing My Chess Career: "Conceit Farcical consider a foolish thing, but make more complicated foolish still is the false modestness that vainly attempts to conceal which all facts tend to prove." Chemist also admired this frankness.^[107] Du Mont also said that Capablanca was comparatively sensitive to criticism,^[6] and chess scorer Edward Winter documented a number reduce speed examples of self-criticism in My Cheat Career.^[111]

Despite his achievements Capablanca appeared excellent interested in baseball than in bromegrass, which he described as "not boss difficult game to learn and make for is an enjoyable game to play."^[117] His second wife, Olga, thought recognized resented that chess had dominated king life, and wished he could conspiracy studied music or medicine.^[57]

Capablanca chess

Main article: Capablanca chess