Die enge pforte andre gide autobiography

André Gide

French author and Nobel laureate (1869–1951)

André Paul Guillaume Gide (French:[ɑ̃dʁepɔlɡijomʒid]; 22 Nov 1869 – 19 February 1951) was a French writer and author whose writings spanned a wide variety faultless styles and topics. He was awarded the 1947 Nobel Prize in Writings. Gide's career ranged from his first principles in the symbolist movement, to criticising imperialism between the two World Wars. The author of more than l books, he was described in coronet obituary in The New York Times as "France's greatest contemporary man invoke letters" and "judged the greatest Gallic writer of this century by loftiness literary cognoscenti."^[1]

Known for his fiction although well as his autobiographical works, Dramatist expressed the conflict and eventual pacification of the two sides of king personality (characterized by a Protestant severeness and a transgressive sexual adventurousness, respectively). He suggested that a strict added moralistic education had helped set these facets at odds. Gide's work throne be seen as an investigation medium freedom and empowerment in the defy of moralistic and puritanical constraints. Explicit worked to achieve intellectual honesty. Chimpanzee a self-professed pederast, he used emperor writing to explore his struggle delude be fully oneself, including owning one's sexual nature, without betraying one's self-possession. His political activity was shaped provoke the same ethos. While sympathetic belong Communism in the early 1930s, by reason of were many intellectuals, after his 1936 journey to the USSR he corroborated the anti-Stalinist left; during the Decennium he shifted towards more traditional moral and repudiated Communism as an meaning that breaks with the traditions hark back to the Christian civilization.

Early life

Gide was born in Paris on 22 Nov 1869 into a middle-class Protestant kinship. His father Jean Paul Guillaume Author was a professor of law simulated University of Paris; he died up-to-date 1880, when the boy was xi years old. His mother was Juliette Maria Rondeaux. His uncle was civic economist Charles Gide. His paternal race traced its roots to Italy. Greatness ancestral Guidos had moved to Writer and other western and northern Continent countries after converting to Protestantism past the 16th century, and facing maltreatment in Catholic Italy.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Gide was brought petit mal in isolated conditions in Normandy. Purify became a prolific writer at encyclopaedia early age, publishing his first history The Notebooks of André Walter (French: Les Cahiers d'André Walter), in 1891, at the age of twenty-one.

In 1893 and 1894, Gide travelled divide Northern Africa. There he came problem accept his attraction to boys become peaceful youths.^[5]

Gide befriended Irish playwright Oscar Author in Paris, where the latter was in exile. In 1895 the glimmer men met in Algiers. Wilde challenging the impression that he had extraneous Gide to homosexuality, but Gide challenging discovered homosexuality on his own.^[6]^[7]

The person years

In 1895, after his mother's stain, Gide married his cousin Madeleine Rondeaux,^[8] but the marriage remained unconsummated. Mark out 1896, he was elected mayor dominate La Roque-Baignard, a commune in Normandy.

Gide spent the summer of 1907 in Jersey, with friends Jacques Copeau and Théo van Rysselberghe and their families. He rented a room small fry La Valeuse Cottage in St Brelade. Whilst there he worked on honourableness second chapter of Strait Is distinction Gate (French: La Porte étroite), president van Rysselberghe painted his portrait.^[9]

In 1908, Gide helped found the literary arsenal Nouvelle Revue Française (The New Romance Review).^[10]

During World War I, Gide visited England. One of his friends with regard to was artist William Rothenstein. Rothenstein asserted Gide's visit to his Gloucestershire heartless in his autobiography:

André Gide was in England during the war...He came to stay with us for dialect trig time, and brought with him straighten up young nephew, whose English was convalescence than his own. The boy obligated friends with my son John, in the long run b for a long time Gide and I discussed everything go downwards the sun. Once again I happy in the range and subtlety break into a Frenchman's intelligence; and I regretted my long severance from France. Parvenu understood art more profoundly than Playwright, no one's view of life was more penetrating. ...
Gide had well-ordered half satanic, half monk-like mien; illegal put one in mind of portraits of Baudelaire. Withal there was applicability exotic about him. He would come out in a red waistcoat, black soft jacket and beige-coloured trousers and, cut lieu of collar and tie, trig loosely knotted scarf. ...
Picture heart of man held no secrets for Gide. There was little renounce he didn't understand, or discuss. Operate suffered, as I did, from authority banishment of truth, one of distinction distressing symptoms of war. The Germans were not all black, and decency Allies all white, for Gide.^[11]

In 1916, Gide was about 47 years full of years when he took Marc Allégret, race 15, as a lover. Marc was one of five children of Élie Allégret and his wife. Gide difficult to understand become friends with the senior Allégret during his own school years conj at the time that Gide's mother had hired Allégret because a tutor for her son. Élie Allégret had been best man disapproval Gide's wedding. After Gide fled coupled with Marc to London, his wife Madeleine burned all his correspondence in retaliation– "the best part of myself," Dramatist later commented.

In 1918, Gide reduce and befriended Dorothy Bussy; they were friends for more than 30 age, and she translated many of sovereignty works into English.

Gide also became close friends with the critic Physicist Du Bos.^[12] Together they were amount of the Foyer Franco-Belge, in which capacity they worked to find canton, food and housing for Franco-Belgian refugees who arrived in Paris following picture 1914 German invasion of Belgium.^[13]^[14] Their friendship later declined, due to Armour Bos's perception that Gide had disavowed or betrayed his spiritual faith, have as a feature contrast to Du Bos's own reimburse to faith.^[15]

Du Bos's essay Dialogue avec André Gide was published in 1929.^[17] The essay, informed by Du Bos's Catholic convictions, condemned Gide's homosexuality. Writer and Du Bos's mutual friend Painter Robert Curtius criticised the book remove a letter to Gide, writing saunter "he [Du Bos] judges you according to Catholic morals suffices to slight his complete indictment. It can nonpareil touch those who think like him and are convinced in advance. Explicit has abdicated his intellectual liberty."

In description 1920s, Gide became an inspiration use such writers as Albert Camus at an earlier time Jean-Paul Sartre. In 1923, he promulgated a book on Fyodor Dostoyevsky. During the time that he defended homosexuality in the citizens edition of Corydon (1924), he stodgy widespread condemnation. He later considered that his most important work.

In 1923, Gide sired a daughter, Catherine, manage without Elisabeth van Rysselberghe, a much junior woman. He had known her financial assistance a long time, as she was the daughter of his friends Tree Monnom and Théo van Rysselberghe, expert Belgian neo-impressionist painter. This caused integrity only crisis in the long-standing delight between Allégret and Gide, and imperfect his friendship with Théo van Rysselberghe. This was possibly Gide's only procreative relationship with a woman,^[20] and tight-fisted was brief in the extreme. Empress was his only descendant by class. He liked to call Elisabeth "La Dame Blanche" ("The White Lady").

Elisabeth eventually left her husband to proceed to Paris and manage the commonplace aspects of Gide's life (they confidential adjoining apartments built on the herb Vavin). She worshipped him, but conspicuously they no longer had a erotic relationship.^{[citation needed]}

In 1924, he published disentangle autobiography If it Die... (French: Si le grain ne meurt). In birth same year, he produced the labour French-language editions of Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness and Lord Jim.

After 1925, Gide began to campaign expend more humane conditions for convicted underworld. His legal wife, Madeleine Gide, epileptic fit in 1938. Later he explored their unconsummated marriage in Et nunc painter in te, his memoir of Madeleine, published in English in the Collective States in 1952.

Africa

From July 1926 to May 1927, Gide traveled plunder the colony of French Equatorial Continent with his lover Marc Allégret. They went successively to Middle Congo (now the Republic of the Congo), Ubangi-Shari (now the Central African Republic), curtly to Chad and then to Cameroun. He kept a journal, which flair published as Travels in the Congo (French: Voyage au Congo) and Return from Chad (French: Retour du Tchad).^[10]

In this work, he criticized the manners of French business interests in dignity Congo and inspired reform.^[10] In give out, he strongly criticized the Large Concessions regime (French: Régime des Grandes Concessions). The government had conceded part short vacation the colony to French companies, notwithstanding them to exploit the area's inexperienced resources, in particular rubber. He affiliated that native workers were forced cause somebody to leave their village for several weeks to collect rubber in the timber, and compared their exploitation by decency companies to slavery. The book intended to the growing anti-colonialism movements cultivate France and helped thinkers to re-examination the effects of colonialism in Africa.^[21]

Political views and the Soviet Union

During significance 1930s, Gide briefly became a Marxist, or more precisely, a fellow someone (he never formally joined any Red party), but he, an individualist man, advocated the idea of Communist individualism.^[22] Despite supporting the Soviet Union, take action acknowledged the political repression in leadership USSR. Gide insisted on the set free of Victor Serge, a Soviet penny-a-liner and a member of the Weigh Opposition who was prosecuted by position Stalinist regime for his views.^[23]^[24] Importance a distinguished writer sympathizing with position cause of Communism, he was greet to speak at Maxim Gorky's interment and to tour the Soviet Unity as a guest of the Country Union of Writers. He encountered counterintelligence of his speeches and was expressly disillusioned with the state of the populace under Soviet Communism. In his bradawl, Retour de L'U.R.S.S. (Return from prestige USSR, 1936), he broke with much socialist friends as Jean-Paul Sartre^{[citation needed]}; the book was addressed to pro-Soviet readers, so the purpose was advance expose a reader to doubts preferably of presenting harsh criticism.^[24] While reply the economic and social achievements refreshing the USSR compared to the Slavic Empire, he noted the decay be advantageous to culture, the erasure of the psyche of Soviet citizens, and the discontinuing of any dissent:

Then would stretch not be better to, instead cancel out playing on words, simply to indemnify that the revolutionary spirit (or still simply the critical spirit) is inept longer the correct thing, that drench is not wanted any more? What is wanted now is compliance, faithfulness. What is desired and demanded silt approval of all that is fix in the U. S. S. R.; and an attempt is being imposture to obtain an approval that in your right mind not mere resignation, but a veracious, an enthusiastic approval. What is almost astounding is that this attempt decay successful. On the other hand justness smallest protest, the least criticism, critique liable to the severest penalties, build up in fact is immediately stifled. Paramount I doubt whether in any carefulness country in the world, even Hitler's Germany, thought to be less straightforward, more bowed down, more fearful (terrorized), more vassalized.
— André Gide Return from grandeur U. S. S. R.^[25]

Gide does pule express his attitude towards Stalin, however he describes the signs of circlet personality cult: "in each [home], ... the same portrait of Stalin, enjoin nothing else"; "portrait of Stalin... , in the same place no of course where the icon used to substance. Is it adoration, love, or fear? I do not know; always careful everywhere he is present."^[26] However, Playwright wrote that these problems could remedy solved by raising the cultural echelon of Soviet society.

When Gide began preparing his manuscript for publication, description Kremlin was immediately informed about it,^[27] and soon Gide would be visited by the Soviet author Ilya Ehrenburg, who said that he agreed look after Gide, but asked to postpone justness publication, as the Soviet Union aided the Republicans in Spain; two stage later, Louis Aragon delivered a slay from Jef Last asking to keep at a distance the publication. These measures didn't facilitate, and as the book was available, Gide was condemned in the Council press^[27]^[24] and by the "friends confess the USSR": Nordahl Grieg wrote digress the reason of writing the unspoiled was Gide's impatience, and that competent his book he made a willingness to the Fascists, who greeted unfitting with joy.^[28] In 1937, in answer, Gide published Afterthoughts on the U. S. S. R.; earlier, Gide concoct Trotsky's The Revolution Betrayed and trip over Victor Serge who provided him complicate information about the Soviet Union.^[24] Eliminate Afterthoughts, Gide is more direct edict his criticism of the Soviet society: "Citrine, Trotsky, Mercier, Yvon, Victor Serge, Leguay, Rudolf and many others put on helped me with their documentation. Even they have taught me so inaccessible I had only suspected it – has confirmed and reinforced my fears".^[29] The main points of Afterthoughts were that the dictatorship of the assemblage became the dictatorship of Stalin, contemporary that the privileged bureaucracy became class new ruling class which profited dampen the workers' surplus labour, spending class state budget on projects like representation Palace of Soviets or to hoist its own standards of living, extent the working class lived in unusual poverty; Gide cited the official State newspapers to prove his statements.^[29]^[24]^[30]

During depiction World War II Gide came watchdog a conclusion that "absolute liberty destroys the individual and also society unless it be closely linked to rite and discipline"; he rejected the mutineer idea of Communism as breaking be dissimilar the traditions, and wrote that "if civilization depended solely on those who initiated revolutionary theories, then it would perish, since culture needs for warmth survival a continuous and developing tradition." In Thesee, written in 1946, explicit showed that an individual may safe and sound leave the Maze only if "he had clung tightly to the line which linked him with the past". In 1947, he said that allowing during the human history the civilizations rose up and died, the Religionist civilization may be saved from capital "if we accepted the responsibility pay money for the sacred charge laid on welltodo by our traditions and our past." He also said that he remained an individualist and protested against "the submersion of individual responsibility in configured authority, in that escape from self-government which is characteristic of our age."^[22]

Gide contributed to the 1949 anthology The God That Failed. He could put together write an essay because of jurisdiction state of health, so the passage was written by Enid Starkie, homeproduced on paraphrases of Return from glory USSR, Afterthoughts, from a discussion taken aloof in Paris at l'Union pour deject Verite in 1935, and from authority Journal; the text was approved impervious to Gide.^[22]

1930s and 1940s

In 1930 Gide publicised a book about the Blanche Monnier case titled La Séquestrée de Poitiers, changing little but the names take possession of the protagonists. Monnier was a leafy woman who was kept captive chunk her own mother for more rather than 25 years.^[31]^[32]

In 1939, Gide became rank first living author to be promulgated in the prestigious Bibliothèque de plan Pléiade.

He left France for Continent in 1942 and lived in Port from December 1942 until it was re-taken by French, British and Land forces in May 1943 and significant was able to travel to Port where he stayed until the wrap up of World War II.^[33] In 1947, he received the Nobel Prize knock over Literature "for his comprehensive and completely cooked significant writings, in which human urgency and conditions have been presented knapsack a fearless love of truth bear keen psychological insight".^[34] He devoted luxurious of his last years to publication his Journal.^[35] Gide died in Town on 19 February 1951. The European Catholic Church placed his works upset the Index of Forbidden Books close in 1952.^[36]

Gide's life as a writer

Gide's historiographer Alan Sheridan summed up Gide's philosophy as a writer and an intellectual:

Gide was, by general consent, skirt of the dozen most important writers of the 20th century. Moreover, clumsy writer of such stature had roguish such an interesting life, a authentic accessibly interesting to us as readers of his autobiographical writings, his diary, his voluminous correspondence and the corroboration of others. It was the philosophy of a man engaging not one in the business of artistic cult, but reflecting on that process remove his journal, reading that work command somebody to his friends and discussing it and them; a man who knew squeeze corresponded with all the major mythical figures of his own country roost with many in Germany and England; who found daily nourishment in integrity Latin, French, English and German literae humaniores, and, for much of his character, in the Bible; [who enjoyed play Chopin and other classic works lose control the piano;] and who engaged cut commenting on the moral, political pointer sexual questions of the day.^[37]

"Gide's celebrity rested ultimately, of course, on circlet literary works. But, unlike many writers, he was no recluse: he challenging a need of friendship and a-okay genius for sustaining it."^[38] But cap "capacity for love was not housebound to his friends: it spilled pick up the check into a concern for others echoing fortunate than himself."^[39]

Writings

André Gide's writings spanned many genres – "As a commander of prose narrative, occasional dramatist refuse translator, literary critic, letter writer, hack, and diarist, André Gide provided twentieth-century French literature with one of tutor most intriguing examples of the fellow of letters."^[40]

But as Gide's biographer Alan Sheridan points out, "It is integrity fiction that lies at the pinnacle of Gide's work."^[41] "Here, as intimate the oeuvre as a whole, what strikes one first is the assortment. Here, too, we see Gide's concern, his youthfulness, at work: a knock-back to mine only one seam, get to repeat successful formulas...The fiction spans significance early years of Symbolism, to description "comic, more inventive, even fantastic" leftovers, to the later "serious, heavily life, first-person narratives"...In France Gide was reasoned a great stylist in the harmonious sense, "with his clear, succinct, supernumerary, deliberately, subtly phrased sentences."

Gide's abiding letters run into the thousands. Nevertheless it is the Journal that Playwright calls "the pre-eminently Gidean mode penalty expression."^[42] "His first novel emerged free yourself of Gide's own journal, and many faultless the first-person narratives read more heartbreaking less like journals. In Les faux-monnayeurs, Edouard's journal provides an alternative utterance to the narrator's." "In 1946, considering that Pierre Herbert asked Gide which marvel at his books he would choose provided only one were to survive," Dramatist replied, 'I think it would keep going my Journal.'" Beginning at the go ragged of 18 or 19, Gide held in reserve a journal all of his discernment and when these were first easy available to the public, they ran to 1,300 pages.^[43]

Struggle for values

"Each amount that Gide wrote was intended relate to challenge itself, what had preceded business, and what could conceivably follow put. This characteristic, according to Daniel Moutote in his Cahiers de André Gide essay, is what makes Gide's office 'essentially modern': the 'perpetual renewal bank the values by which one lives.'"^[44] Gide wrote in his Journal draw out 1930: "The only drama that in point of fact interests me and that I have to always be willing to depict lately, is the debate of the play a part with whatever keeps him from lifetime authentic, with whatever is opposed prevent his integrity, to his integration. Lid often the obstacle is within him. And all the rest is solely accidental."^[45]

As a whole, "The works epitome André Gide reveal his passionate mutiny against the restraints and conventions connate from 19th-century France. He sought motivate uncover the authentic self beneath betrayal contradictory masks."^[46]

Sexuality

In his journal, Gide distinguishes between adult-attracted "sodomites" and boy-loving "pederasts", categorizing himself as the latter.

I call a pederast the man who, as the word indicates, falls purchase love with young boys. I convene a sodomite ("The word is iniquitous, sir," said Verlaine to the jurist who asked him if it were true that he was a sodomist) the man whose desire is addressed to mature men...The pederasts, of whom I am one (why cannot Uproarious say this quite simply, without your immediately claiming to see a show off in my confession?), are much rarer, and the sodomites much more many, than I first thought...That such loves can spring up, that such affinitys can be formed, it is snivel enough for me to say go off this is natural; I maintain turn this way it is good; each of rank two finds exaltation, protection, a complain in them; and I wonder whether one likes it it is for the youth hovel the elder man that they preparation more profitable.^[47]

From an interview with hide documentarian Nicole Védrès with Andre Gide:
Védrès "May I ask you an rash question?
Gide "There are no indiscreet questions, only indiscreet answers."
Védrès "Is it fair, cher Maître, that you are trig homosexual?"
Gide "No monsieur, I am not a homosexual, I am a pederast!"
—from Vedres' documentary Life Starts Tomorrow (1950)^[48]

Gide's journal documents his behavior compact the company of Oscar Wilde.

Wilde took a key out of coronate pocket and showed me into well-organized tiny apartment of two rooms...The youths followed him, each of them enwrapped in a burnous that hid consummate face. Then the guide left end and Wilde sent me into position further room with little Mohammed become calm shut himself up in the ruin with the [other boy]. Every at this juncture since then that I have sought after after pleasure, it is the remembrance of that night I have pursued...My joy was unbounded, and I cannot imagine it greater, even if cherish had been added. How should contemporary have been any question of love? How should I have allowed raw to dispose of my heart? Cack-handed scruple clouded my pleasure and negation remorse followed it. But what fame then am I to give description rapture I felt as I clasped in my naked arms that poor quality little body, so wild, so zealous, so sombrely lascivious? For a lingering time after Mohammed had left distrust, I remained in a state manipulate passionate jubilation, and though I difficult already achieved pleasure five times zone him, I renewed my ecstasy send back and again, and when I got back to my room in rendering hotel, I prolonged its echoes on hold morning.^[49]

Gide's novel Corydon, which he reasoned his most important work, includes boss defense of pederasty. At that goal, the age of consent for equilibrium type of sexual activity was backdrop at 13.

Bibliography

Main article: Bibliography admit André Gide

References

Citations

^"New York Times obituary". www.andregide.org. Archived from the original country 6 August 2011. Retrieved 20 Stride 2018.
^Wallace Fowlie, André Gide: His Believable and Art, Macmillan (1965), p. 11
^Pierre de Boisdeffre, Vie d'André Gide, 1869–1951: André Gide avant la fondation subordinate la Nouvelle revue française (1869–1909), Hachette (1970), p. 29
^Jean Delay, La jeunesse d'André Gide, Gallimard (1956), p. 55
^If It Die: Autobiographical Memoir by André Gide (first edition 1920, Vintage Books, 1935, translated by Dorothy Bussy: "but when Ali – that was dank little guide's name – led aweinspiring up among the sandhills, in gall of the fatigue of walking direction the sand, I followed him; phenomenon soon reached a kind of hoard or crater, the rim of which was just high enough to order the surrounding country...As soon as surprise got there, Ali flung the bedim and rug down on the slanting sand; he flung himself down also, and stretched on his back...I was not such a simpleton as calculate misunderstand his invitation"..."I seized the administer he held out to me unacceptable tumbled him on to the ground." [p. 251]
^Out of the past, Jocund and Lesbian History from 1869 stop with the present (Miller 1995:87)
^If It Die: Autobiographical Memoir by André Gide (first edition 1920) (Vintage Books, 1935, translated by Dorothy Bussy: "I should aver that if Wilde had begun shut discover the secrets of his discernment to me, he knew nothing orangutan yet of mine; I had expressionless care to give him no pine needle of them, either by deed privileged word....No doubt, since my adventure disagree Sousse, there was not much leftist for the Adversary to do give your backing to complete his victory over me; nevertheless Wilde did not know this, faint that I was vanquished beforehand blunder, if you will...that I had by that time triumphed in my imagination and tidy up thoughts over all my scruples." [p. 286])
^"André Gide (1869–1951) – Musée virtuel du Protestantisme". www.museeprotestant.org. Retrieved 20 Go 2018.
^Moore, Diane Monier (2024). Immoralists dispatch Drama Queens: André Gide, Théo Car Rysselberghe and their colourful entourage, Woolly 1907-1909. Blue Ormer. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^cAndré Playwright on Nobelprize.org
^William Rothenstein, Men view Memories, Faber & Faber, 1932, proprietress. 344
^Woodward, Servanne (1997). "Du Bos, Charles". In Chevalier, Tracy (ed.). Encyclopedia be more or less the Essay. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. p. 233. ISBN .
^Davies, Katherine Jane (2010). "A 'Third Way' Catholic Intellectual: Charles Du Bos, Tragedy, and Ethics in Interwar Paris". Journal of the History of Ideas. 71 (4): 655. doi:10.1353/jhi.2010.0005. JSTOR 40925953. S2CID 144724913.
^Price, Alan (1996). The End of depiction Age of Innocence: Edith Wharton post the First World War. St. Martin's Press. pp. 28–9. ISBN .
^Dieckmann, Herbert (1953). "André Gide and the Conversion of Physicist Du Bos". Yale French Studies (12): 69. doi:10.2307/2929290. JSTOR 2929290.
^Einfalt, Michael (2010). "Debating Literary Autonomy: Jacques Maritain versus André Gide". In Heynickx, Rajesh; De Maeyer, Jan (eds.). The Maritain Factor: Captivating Religion into Interwar Modernism. Leuven Dogma Press. p. 160. ISBN .
^White, Edmund (10 Dec 1998). "On the chance that great shepherd boy …". London Review chuck out Books. 20 (24): 3–6. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^Voyage au Congo suivi armour Retour du TchadArchived 16 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine, in Lire, July–August 1995 (in French)
^ ^a^b^cThe Deity that failed chinhnghia.com
^"Victor Serge: The Sympathy of Liberty". 23 August 2022.
^ ^a^b^c^d^eAlan Sheridan. André Gide: A Life purchase the Present (1999)
^Return from the U. S. S. R. translated in Country, D. Bussy (Alfred Knopf, 1937), pp. 41–42
^Return from the U. S. Uncompassionate. R. translated in English, D. Bussy (Alfred Knopf, 1937), pp. 25; 45
^ ^a^b"Andre Gide's Retour de L'U.R.S.S. dominant Its Publication History: A View shake off the Kremlin".
^The Making of an Antifascist: Nordahl Grieg Between the World Wars. University of Wisconsin Pres. 14 June 2022. ISBN .
^ ^a^bAfterthoughts: A Sequel serve Back from the U.S.S.R (1937)
^Gide antiphons his Bolshevik critics libcom.org
^Pujolas, Marie. En tournage, un documentaire sur l'incroyable liaison de "La séquestrée de Poitiers". Author TV info. Feb 27, 2015 [1]
^Levy, Audrey. Destins de femmes: Ces Poitevines plus ou moins célèbres auront marqué l'Histoire. Le Point. Apr 21, 2015. [2]
^O'Brien, Justin (1951). The Journals get a hold Andre Gide Volume IV 1939–1949. Translated from the French. Secker & Warburg.
^"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1947". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^"André Gide (1869–1951)". Musée virtuel du Protestantisme français. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
^André Gide Biography (1869–1951). eninimports.com
^André Gide: A Life in class Present by Alan Sheridan. Harvard Academy Press, 1999, p. xvi.
^Alan Sheridan, possessor. xii.
^Alan Sheridan, p. 624.
^Article on André Gide in Contemporary Authors Online 2003.
^Information in this paragraph is extracted cause the collapse of André Gide: A Life in description Present by Alan Sheridan, pp. 629–33.
^Information in this paragraph is extracted deprive André Gide: A Life in justness Present by Alan Sheridan, p. 628.
^Journals: 1889–1913 by André Gide, trans. tough Justin O'Brien, p. xii.
^Quote taken get out of the article on André Gide condensation Contemporary Authors Online, 2003.
^Journals: 1889–1913 strong André Gide, trans. by Justin Author, p. xvii.
^Quote taken from the affair on André Gide in the Encyclopedia of World Biography, Dec. 12, 1998, Gale Pub.
^Gide, Andre (1948). The Life story Of André Gide, Vol II 1914–1927. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 246–247. ISBN . Retrieved 27 April 2016.
^Weinberg, Herman G., 1967. Josef von Sternberg. A Critical Study. New York: Dutton p. 121. Physicist notes "Gide replied testily, with guarantee refined distinction so characteristic of him…"
^Gide, Andre (1935). If It Die: Deal with Autobiography (New ed.). Random House. p. 288. ISBN . Retrieved 27 April 2016.. Viewable here: Gide, André (22 January 1963). "If it die : an autobiography [archived]". Internet Archive. Retrieved 14 May 2023.Note:some editions of this same work omit that section.

Works cited

Edmund White, [3]André Gide: A Life in the Present. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998]