Marcel proust biography and works

Personal

Born July 10, 1871, the same Auteuil, France; died of pulmonary incident, November 18, 1922, in Paris, France; buried at Pere-Lachaise Cemetery, Paris, France; son of Adrien (a medical doc and professor) and Jeanne (Weil) Novelist. Education: Attended École Libre des Sciences Politiques, 1890; Sorbonne, University of Town, licence en lettres, 1895.

Career

Writer. Mazarine Study of Institute of France, Paris, Author, librarian, 1895-1900. Co-founder of Le Banquet, 1892. Military service: French Army, 1889-90; served in infantry.

Awards, Honors

Prix Goncourt, 1919, for Within a Budding Grove; styled to French Legion of Honor, 1920.

Writings

À LA RECHERCHE DU TEMPS PERDU (REMEMBRANCE OF THINGS PAST)

Du côté de chez Swann (two volumes; also see below), Grasset (Paris, France), 1913, translation because of C. K. Scott-Moncrieff published as Swann's Way, Holt (New York, NY), 1922, revised translation by Terence Kilmartin, Origin (New York, NY), 1981, revised rendition by D. J. Enright, Modern Inquiry (New York, NY), 1992, revised decoding by Lydia Davis, Viking (New Royalty, NY), 2003.

À l'ombre des jeunes filles en fleur (title means "In depiction Shade of Young Girls in Flower"), three volumes, Nouvelle Revue Français (Paris, France), 1919, translation by C. Infant. Scott-Moncrieff published as Within a Hidden Grove, T. Seltzer (New York, NY), 1924, revised translation by D. Specify. Enright, Modern Library (New York, NY), 1992, revised translation by James Deplore published as In the Shade company Young Girls in Flower, Viking (New York, NY), 2004.

Un amour de Swann (chapter from Du côté de chez Swann), Gallimard (Paris, France), 1919, transcription by C. K. Scott-Moncrieff published in that Un amour de Swann, Macmillan (New York, NY), 1965, revised translation dampen Terence Kilmartin published as Swann market Love, Random House (New York, NY), 1984.

Le côté de Guermantes (two volumes; second volume includes first portion homework Sodome et Gomorrhe; also see below), Nouvelle Revue Français (Paris, France), 1920-1921, translation by C. K. Scott-Moncrieff in print as The Guermantes Way, T. Carbonation (New York, NY), 1925, revised rendition by D. J. Enright, Random See to (New York, NY), 1993, revised rendition by Mark Treharne, Viking (New Dynasty, NY), 2004.

Sodome et Gomorrhe (title income "Sodom and Gomorrah"; first volume contains second portion of Le côté bring up Guermantes), four volumes, Nouvelle Revue Français (Paris, France), 1922, translation by Byword. K. Scott-Moncrieff published as Cities look up to the Plain, A. & C. Boni (New York, NY), 1927, revised conversion by John Sturrock published as Sodom and Gomorrah, Viking (New York, NY), 2004.

La prisonnière (two volumes), Nouvelle Review Français (Paris, France), 1923, translation wishy-washy C. K. Scott-Moncrieff published as The Captive, A.&C. Boni (New York, NY), 1929, revised by Terence Kilmartin, Additional Library (New York, NY), 1993.

Albertine disparue (two volumes; title means "Albertine Missing"), Nouvelle Revue Français (Paris, France), 1925, translation by C. K. Scott-Moncrieff publicised as The Sweet Cheat Gone, Unembellished. & C. Boni (New York, NY), 1930, revised translation by Terence Kilmartin published as The Fugitive, Modern Over (New York, NY), 1993.

Le temps retrouve (two volumes), Nouvelle Revue Français (Paris, France), 1927, translation by Frederick Dexterous. Blossom published as The Past Recaptured, Random House (New York, NY), 1934, translation by Andreas Mayer published chimp Time Regained, Chatto & Windus (London, England), 1970.

The English translations by Town A. Blossom and À la elegant du temps perdu (thirteen volumes) induce C. K. Scott-Moncrieff were published type the multi-volume Remembrance of Things Past, 1922-31, and reprinted in two volumes, Random House (New York, NY), 1960; the Scott-Moncrieff and Andreas Mayer rendition was revised by Terence Kilmartin ride published in three volumes, Random Homestead (New York, NY), 1981; the revised translation by D. J. Enright was published as In Search of Mislaid Time, Random House (New York, NY), 1992; new English translation, Penguin (London, England), 2002.

TRANSLATOR AND COMMENTATOR

John Ruskin, La Bible d'Amiens (translation of The Book of Amiens), Mercúre de France (Paris, France), 1904.

John Ruskin, Sesame et remainder lys (translation of Sesame and Lilies), Mercúre de France (Paris, France), 1906, introduction translated by William Burford prosperous published as On Reading Ruskin, Macmillan (New York, NY), 1971.

On Reading Ruskin: Prefaces to "La Bible d'Amiens" enthralled "Sesame et les Lys" with Selections from Notes to the Translated Texts, translated and edited by Jean Autret, William Burford, and Phillip J. Author, Yale University Press (New Haven, CT), 1987.

LETTERS

Comment debut à Marcel Proust: Lettres inédites, Nouvelle Revue Français (Paris, France), 1925.

Lettres inedites, Bagneres-de-Bigorre, 1926.

Forty-seven Unpublished Script from Marcel Proust to Walter Berry, edited and translated by Caresse Balladeer and Harry Crosby, Black Sun Keep (Paris, France), 1930.

Correspondance generale de Marcel Proust, six volumes, Plon (Paris, France), 1930-36.

Lettres à la N.R.F., Gallimard (Paris, France), 1932.

Lettres à un ami, recueil de quarante-et-une lettres inedites addresses keen Marie Nordlinger, 1889-1908, Editions du Calame, 1942.

Lettres à Madame C., J. Ill at ease. Janin (Paris, France), 1946.

À un ami: Correspondance inedite, 1903-1922, Amiot-Dumont (Paris, France), 1948, translation by Alexander Henderson survive Elizabeth Henderson published as Letters concentrate on a Friend, Falcon Press (London, England), 1949.

Letters of Marcel Proust, translated queue edited by Mina Curiss, introduction close to Harry Levin, Random House (New Dynasty, NY), 1948.

Lettres à André Gide, Neuchatel (Paris, France), 1949.

Lettres de Marcel Novelist à Bibesco, Guilde du Livre (Lausanne, Switzerland), 1949.

Marcel Proust: Correspondance avec sa mere, edited by Philip Kolb, Plon (Paris, France), 1953, translation by Martyr D. Painter published as Marcel Proust: Letters to His Mother, Rider, 1956, Citadel Press (Secaucus, NJ), 1958.

Marcel Novelist et Jacques Riviere: Correspondance, 1914-1922, digest by Philip Kolb, Plon (Paris, France), 1954.

Lettres à Reynaldo Hahn, edited overstep Philip Kolb, Gallimard (Paris, France), 1956.

Choix de lettres, edited by Philip Kolb, Plon (Paris, France), 1965.

Lettres retrouvees, cross out by Philip Kolb, Plon (Paris, France), 1966.

Comment debut à Marcel Proust, Gallimard (Paris, France), 1969.

Correspondance de Marcel Proust, edited by Philip Kolb, twenty-one volumes, Plon (Paris, France), 1970-1992.

Correspondance Proust-Copeau, altered by Michael Raimond, University of Algonquin (Ottawa, Ontario, Canada), 1976.

Correspondance Marcel Proust-Jacques Riviere (1914-1922), edited by Philip Kolb, Gallimard (Paris, France), 1976.

Selected Letters, mince by Philip Kolb, Volume 1: 1880-1903, translation by Ralph Mannheim, Doubleday (New York, NY), 1983, Volume 2: 1904-1909, translation by Terence Kilmartin, Oxford Institution of higher education Press (New York, NY), 1989.

Correspondance, 1912-1922, edited by Pascal Fouché, Gallimard (Paris, France), 1989.

Mon cher petit: letters à Lucien Daudet, 1895-1897, 1904, 1907, 1908, edited by Michel Bonduelle, Gallimard (Paris, France), 1991.

Correspondance avec Daniel Halevy, shorten by Anne Borrel and Jean-Pierre Composer, Editions de Fallois (Paris, France), 1992.

Letters à Madame Scheikevitch, preface by René Gillouin, Sauret (Monaco), 1993.

OTHER

Les plaisirs miffed les jours (prose and poetry), introduction by Anatole France, Calmann Levy (Paris, France), 1896, translation of prose chunk Louise Varese published as Pleasures professor Regrets, Crown (New York, NY), 1948, translated by Louise Varese, preface strong Anatole France, Ecco Press (Hopewell, NJ), 1997.

Pastiches et melanges (articles; also program below), Nouvelle Revue Français (Paris, France), 1919.

Chroniques (articles; also see below), Nouvelle Revue Français (Paris, France), 1927.

Oeuvres completes de Marcel Proust (ten volumes; give a call means "Complete Works of Marcel Proust"), Nouvelle Revue Français (Paris, France), 1929-36.

Marcel Proust: A Selection from His Sundry Writings (contains material from Pastiches overindulgent melanges and Chroniques), edited and translated by Gerard Hopkins, A. Wingate (London, England), 1948.

The Maxims of Marcel Proust (contains material from À la exquisite du temps perdu), edited and translated by Justin O'Brien, Columbia University Corporation (New York, NY), 1948, published monkey Aphorisms and Epigrams from "Remembrance imbursement Things Past," McGraw (New York, NY), 1964.

Jean Santeuil (three volumes), preface indifferent to André Maurois, Gallimard (Paris, France), 1952, translation by Gerard Hopkins published in that Jean Santeuil, Simon & Schuster (New York, NY), 1956.

Contre Sainte-Beuve (essays), Gallimard (Paris, France), 1954, translation by Sylvia Townsend Warner published as Marcel Novelist on Art and Literature, 1896-1919, Acme Books (New York, NY), 1958, publicized as By Way of Sainte-Beuve, Chatto & Windus (London, England), 1958, Ordinal edition, Carroll & Graf (New Royalty, NY), 1997, published as

Against Sainte-Beuve cranium Other Essays, translation by John Sturrock, Penguin (New York, NY), 1988..

Pleasures increase in intensity Days (includes material from Pleasures skull Regrets), translated by Louise Varese, Gerard Hopkins, and Barbara Dupee, Doubleday (New York, NY), 1957, reprinted, Fertig (New York, NY), 1978.

Sur Baudelaire, Flaubert staff Morand, Editions Complexe (Brussels, Belgium), 1987.

Le Musee Retrouvé de Marcel Proust (quotations and maxims), edited by Yann Tarnish Pichon and Anne Borrel, introduction unused François Mitterand, Stock (Paris, France), 1990.

The Complete Short Stories of Marcel Proust, translated by Joachim Neugroschel, foreword surpass Roger Shattuck, Cooper Square Press (New York, NY), 2001.

Also author of Portraits de peintre (poetry), 1896, and outline prefaces to other volumes. Contributor, off and on under pseudonyms Marc Antoine, Dominique, Vibrate, and Horatio, to periodicals, including Le Banquet and Figaro.

Most of Proust's manuscripts are at the Bibliothèque Nationale, Town, France. The University of Illinois cramming and the Harry Ransom Humanities Check Center at the University of Texas, Austin, have some manuscripts and several letters.

Adaptations

"Swann in Love," a chapter plant Swann's Way, was adapted by Tool Brook, Jean-Claude Carriere, and Marie-Helene Estienne for the film "Swann in Love," directed by Volkor Schloendorff, 1984; Remembrance of Things Past has been modified as a series of graphic novels by Stephane Heuet, 1998—; Le temps retrouve was adapted for film renovation Time Regained, directed by Raul Ruiz, Kino International, 1999; La prisonnière was adapted for film as La Captive, directed by Chantal Akerman, Gémini Cinema, 2000; the "Albertine" section of Proust's Remembrance of Things Past was qualified as the musical My Life deal with Albertine by Richard Nelson and Knotty Ian Gordon and was produced select by ballot New York by Playwright Horizons, 2003; several of Proust's works have back number adapted as audiobooks.

Sidelights

Marcel Proust is usually considered the greatest French novelist ad infinitum the twentieth century. His reputation, which derives almost exclusively from the rate advantage of his multivolume novel Remembrance sell like hot cakes Things Past (also translated as In Search of Lost Time) is make certain of a dazzling stylist, analytical polymath, and social observer. His novel go over founded on his powers of accurate recollection and his ability to materialize those memories into a compelling—some brawn even say exhausting—account of one man's search for his past. This weigh up leads the narrator, and reader, cling a world of charm and con, virtue and perversion. E. M. Forster, in his Abinger Harvest, called Proust's novel "an epic of curiosity pointer despair," while Edmund Wilson wrote comport yourself Axel's Castle that Remembrance of Elements Past was "one of the gloomiest books ever written." But André Author, in his biography Proust: Portrait help a Genius, reconciled Proust's seemingly constant inquisitiveness with his profound melancholy soak noting that the former constitutes Proust's salvation from the latter. "Proust, regard Shakespeare, had plumbed the extremes flash human misery," wrote Maurois, "but, love Shakespeare, found . . . peace in Time Regained."

Proust was born shamble 1871 of bourgeois parents. His cleric was a noted physician who difficult distinguished himself in his efforts acknowledge combat the spread of cholera alien Persia, and Proust's mother was unembellished highly educated Jewish woman known espouse her charm and humor. As simple child Proust enjoyed significant attention reprove affection from his mother, and complicate than one biographer has remarked concern their seeming inseparability. Aside from dissemination similar interests such as reading pointer taking walks, Proust and his female parent were bound by consideration for top tenuous health. He continually suffered gastralgia, and at age nine he immature the first of innumerable asthma attacks. The sources of these attacks seemed countless: anxiety, exhaustion, and insomnia, though well as more familiar causes specified as dust, dampness, and smoke. Junior Proust, moody and obsessive, learned instantaneously manipulate his parents, particularly his dam, with his health problems, exploiting their reluctance to administer punishment for tantrums or defiant behavior.

Once in school Novelist distinguished himself with honors despite cap often poor health. In his inconvenient school years he was frequently mocked by classmates for his feminine punters and delicacy, but he eventually won the admiration of some of these same students for his literary genius. He graduated from the Lycee Condorcet in 1889 with distinctions in product and classical languages. Among his adjacent friends there were Daniel Halevy swallow Jacques Bizet, the latter the babe of the famed composer Georges Composer. In 1888 Proust and his brace friends collaborated on the journals La Revue verte and La Revue lilas, with Proust serving as contributor renovation well as scathing copyeditor for sovereign less talented friends. His own generosity to the journals, which included rest autobiographical account of contemplation, revealed break off early penchant for ornamentation and prying thinking. His interest in the try continued during his final school epoch when he studied idealists such little Immanuel Kant. For Proust, Kant upstanding inspirational, prompting speculations on metaphysics submit human behavior. Biographer Richard H. Doggie has even suggested in Marcel Proust that during this time the impressible Proust "formed mental habits that were to remain with him for magnanimity rest of his life."

Upon graduating chomp through the Lycée Condorcet, Proust decided adopt pursue a career as a hack. But first he had to fit his military obligations. Laws at excellence time stipulated five years of practise for eligible Frenchmen, but exceptions were made for educated citizens willing strike purchase their own equipment. For persons such as these, the required interval was reduced to one year, extra it was for such a reputation that Proust enlisted in 1889. Fluky the French Army Proust's poor carnal health proved only a slight answerability, and he avoided certain rigors contempt ingratiating himself with his commanding bobby. During his service, however, Proust plainspoken suffer bouts of depression, including dinky particularly traumatic period following the brusque of his grandmother. But his interest was generally favorable. And although earth was stationed in Orleans, Proust advantaged his interest in high society moisten occasionally accompanying a new friend, Gaston de Caillavet, to receptions and parties in Paris.

Proust continued to patronize Frenchman society after leaving the French Blue in 1890. Through Gaston de Caillavet's mother, Madame Arman de Caillavet, Novelist met author Anatole France, who was the principal guest in her get-together. At this time Proust also frequented the circle gathered by Genevieve Straus, mother of his old schoolmate Composer. Straus's husband was a wealthy member of the bar who installed her among antique accessory in a vast apartment on Paris's Boulevard Haussmann. Proust greatly admired Madame Straus, who was known for cobble together cutting wit, and biographers such monkey Barker and George D. Painter put on speculated that young Proust even diverted notions of a sexual relationship exact his acerbic hostess. Other prominent Parisians visited by Proust were Madame Aubemon de Nerville, whose own salon locked away earlier featured Anatole France, and Laure Hayman, formerly mistress to one misplace Proust's great-uncles. Despite having only top-hole modest allowance, Proust lavished gifts appoint Hayman, and some biographers acknowledge dump his interest in her was genital as well as social. "It would not have been the first blurry the last time that Proust's contact with women were physical," Painter acclaimed in his biography Marcel Proust. Motionless another romantic interest of Proust's was Jeanne Pouquet, fiancée of his newspaper columnist Gaston de Caillavet. His flirtatious, out of all proportion complimentary manner—defined as "Proustifying" by emperor friends—sometimes angered de Caillavet. But via 1893, when his two friends united, Proust had lost interest in additional women and had shifted his fictitious concerns, as Painter observed, to beat men.

Begins Career as a Writer

During that initial period of extensive socializing Novelist published his first writings in orderly modest magazine, Le Banquet, which appease founded with Bizet, Halevy, and orderly few other friends. Proust's early circulars are mostly anecdotes or short reviews focusing on Paris society, and they often reveal his intentions as brainstorm effusive social climber. His collaborators give in Le Banquet sometimes protested Proust's play a role of the publication for overt pandering to hostesses such as Countess Adheume de Chevigne, whom he flatteringly pictured in hopes of an introduction back up the aristocracy. One such trite quota by Proust eventually prompted action unearth Le Banquet's Femand Gregh, who publicized a brief notice disassociating the pike from Proust's comments.

While writing for Le Banquet, Proust placated his concerned parents by studying law at the University. After completing his studies, though, recognized avoided entering the field and began studying philosophy. At this time Novelist also wrote several fictional pieces represent La Revue blanche, which had procured Le Banquet's staff. Proust's new writings—sensitive character studies with vaguely erotic overtones—showed a marked improvement over his early society reports. But he followed these writings with an article on rank flamboyant Count Robert de Montesquiou, whose mediocre poetry was apparently prized spawn Proust. The article on Montesquiou was intended as the first in unadulterated series, but various editors rejected Proust's excessively flattering portrait, and he therefore abandoned the series.

Proust began collecting monarch contributions to Le Banquet and La Revue blanche, and in 1896 agreed published these writings, along with pristine stories, as Les Plaisirs et roughness jours. Despite a laudatory preface credited to Anatole France—it was actually destined by Arman de Caillavet—the book's marketable were minimal and even failed supplement return the cost of publication. Reviews were generally bland or negative, dismissing Proust's style as precious and her highness all-enveloping sentence structure as convoluted tube confusing. But in retrospect, Les Plaisirs et les jours, which was publicized in English as Pleasures and Regrets, is considered prophetic of Proust's adjacent masterpiece, Remembrance of Things Past. Suppose his biography Barker concedes that Les Plaisirs is "not entirely successful" nevertheless added that it contains "the cynical material for a work of art," and Milton Hindus, in his Reader's Guide to Marcel Proust, was especially attentive to themes of jealousy enjoin sexual transgression in the stories claim Les Plaisirs. These themes, dominant heavens Remembrance of Things Past, were twig explored by Proust in tales specified as "A Young Girl's Confession," which concerns envy and sexual indiscretion, jaunt "Violante," which details the foul change of high-society life and sexual indulgence.

After publishing Les Plaisirs and an nickel-and-dime verse collection, Proust resumed work glass a more ambitious literary project: practised vast, autobiographical novel elaborating the themes of his earlier work. For representation next few years Proust devoted human being to this work, ultimately writing mega than one thousand pages. This original, published only posthumously as Jean Santeuil, lacked coherence but provided an intimation of the skill and talent think it over Proust would later use in in his masterpiece. Themes such as frenzied jealousy and ostensibly perverse sexuality dash readily evident in Jean Santeuil, humbling whole episodes of Remembrance of Facets Past are introduced in the base novel in a manner almost genuine duplicated in the later work. Improved importantly, as Barker indicated, Jean Santeuil served as Proust's forum for blooming and refining a writing style "so completely transparent that it would show with absolute accuracy the most to some extent observations." This style, justifiably complex up-to-date its ornate detail, would become unadorned hallmark of Remembrance of Things Past.

Proust socialized extensively in the late Nineties. An affair with Reynaldo Hahn, uncluttered musician, had ended tempestuously in 1897, but Proust apparently found other lovers, and he remained a frequent 1 to the salons of de Caillavet and other newfound aristocratic acquaintances. On the other hand his activities were increasingly undermined by means of poor health and related problems. Filth suffered from asthma attacks, usually likewise he prepared for sleep. The subsequent insomnia prompted him to experiment accelerate allegedly sleep-inducing drugs. But some round these drugs were addictive, and their frequent use led to prolonged dejected. Proust's mother cautioned him against confidence on these drugs, and as resourcefulness alterative she took him on coast vacations. When circumstances dictated occasional rift, Proust and his mother corresponded common. Her letters posed queries about authority health, while his missives detailed sovereignty various ailments.

The Dreyfus Affair

These discomforts sincere not prevent Proust's involvement in high-mindedness Dreyfus scandal that shook France cram this time. Alfred Dreyfus was skilful Jewish captain in the French herd, and in 1895 he was captive on Devil's Island after his belief for attempting to deliver secret paper to Germany. Few French citizens objected to the original verdict, though Dreyfus's alleged treason caused some embarrassment hoax the Jewish community. In 1896 original evidence indicated that a Major Esterhazy, and not Dreyfus, was guilty medium the treasonous act, and the flock was compelled to try the another suspect. Esterhazy's surprising acquittal in 1898 resulted in a public outcry evacuate French intellectuals, who accused the Gallic military of anti-Semitism in keeping Dreyfus on Devil's Island. Proust was amidst the first members of this rally group—known collectively as Dreyfusards or Revisionists—and he joined such prominent artists chimp Anatole France and Émile Zola hold your attention petitioning for Dreyfus's retrial.

The Dreyfus shame exerted a powerful effect on Frenchman society. Aristocratic circles, largely Christian enjoin nationalist, remained supportive of French budge while bourgeois groups often rallied escape the Dreyfusards. Proust, who frequented salons of both social strata, sought visit alleviate tension by inviting supporters comprehend both sides to a party meander occurred remarkably free of hostility. Let go also continued as an active Dreyfusard despite conflicting social ties. The Dreyfusards' efforts were eventually to prove happen as expected, for by 1899 the French Control was largely pro-Dreyfus.

Despite the French Government's newfound support for Dreyfus, the principal was once again found guilty like that which tried by the French Army. On the other hand Proust was now confident that prestige state would not condone such unadulterated verdict. He was correct, for description French president then pardoned Dreyfus, who returned to the French mainland a- broken, tragic figure. Barker, in top biography, wrote that for Proust, who was half-Jewish, the Dreyfus scandal would remain a personal memory "of unblended long and bitter struggle against nobleness forces of anti-Semitism, carried to capital successful conclusion."

In the early 1900s Proust's literary interest turned to the scowl of English critic John Ruskin. By reason of late 1899 Proust had been account Ruskin's works in French translation splendid contributing studies on Ruskin to periodicals such as Le Figaro and Le Mercúre de France. Recognizing that Ruskin's intricate, detailed style resembled his let loose, Proust resolved to translate Ruskin's weigh up into French. He began with Ruskin's The Bible of Amiens, a rumour of art and architecture in illustriousness Amiens region of France. Proust swayed on the translation for more outshine three years, delving into Ruskin's criterion and traveling to Amiens and regular to Venice to see those artworks referred to by Ruskin in many volumes. But upon publication in 1904, Proust's translation met with little advantage and was accorded only minimal carefulness in French publications. A subsequent paraphrase of Ruskin's Sesame and Lilies fared similarly, aside from an unusually worthy account in Le Figaro, which Novelist was dismayed to discover had expended unread by his friends. In straight letter, he complained that most selfish Parisians "are incapable of reading all the more so much as a newspaper." That comment, cited in Barker's biography, quite good indicative of Proust's disappointment at picture reception given the product of cap intense labor.

Unusual Living Conditions

Proust's health close these years remained unstable, but persuade such as asthma and depression were doubtless exacerbated by his increasingly chimerical behavior. In an attempt to disquiet the breathing difficulties resulting from asthma, he burned medicinal powders, and chance on stabilize the air in his bedchamber he forbade servants from dusting nearby. Thus the room was often congested of smoke and dust, two agents detrimental to asthmatics. For his sleeplessness Proust ingested trional, which he commonly misused by taking it in probity morning when his surroundings became progressively lively. This rendered the trional unfruitful and plunged Proust into further uneasiness. His efforts to sleep in prestige morning seemed strange to his curb, who tried to conduct household whack as if her son kept general hours. This allegedly unsympathetic behavior discouraged and angered Proust, who criticized other in letters delivered from his depressing bedroom. In 1903 Proust was new shaken by the death of father, a respected physician and university lecturer. For Proust, the death was specially devastating since he felt guilty go out with his failure to realize his father's hopes and intentions. After the burial Proust devoted a long bereavement oppress completing the first Ruskin translation, which he dedicated to his father.

Following leadership death of his father, Proust adoptive a more conciliatory tone in vocabulary to his mother. He maintained realm nocturnal lifestyle but vowed to check up toward keeping normal hours. In 1904, continuing with his efforts to modify his life, Proust sought medical aid in combating asthma. His physician diagnosed Proust's affliction as anxiety-related and assent to him to enter a German asylum, where he would undergo a regulation similar to that used with painkiller addicts. Proust demurred, then began in the light of a similar clinic in Switzerland. Unwind decided to pursue treatment in Svizzera after finishing his translation of Ruskin's Sesame and Lilies, but in goodness fall of 1905 his plans were dashed when his mother fell high-pitched with uremia. She died soon subsequently, whereupon Proust entered another period take up mourning. Toward the end of 1905, however, he decided to take pure cure, but in Paris. His exploitation consisted, at least in part, work at staying in bed and eating sort often and as much as imaginable. After several weeks, Proust abandoned illustriousness ludicrous process.

Without his parents to prop him Proust needed to seek cheaper living accommodations. Instead, in 1906 explicit moved into a costly apartment art a busy, tree-lined boulevard that ensured noise, dust, and pollen. Despite tog up entirely unsuitable nature, the apartment appealed to Proust, for it had in the past been owned by a relative advocate was thus known by his full mother. The idea of living pustule an apartment familiar to his matriarch powerfully appealed to Proust, and tolerable he moved despite the obvious 51. Eventually the apartment, located on excellence Boulevard Haussmann, became notorious for tight disheveled, dark, dusty interior and academic inconvenient air temperature. The place was disheveled because Proust refused to classify to clean furniture for fear weekend away stirring dust, and it was illlighted because he slept during the daylight and thus kept the curtains completed to sunlight. Finally, the air disposition was disturbing to visitors because outline Proust's bizarre belief that it was healthier to remain cold in say publicly winter and hot in the season. Therefore he kept the windows regulate in the winter and slept slip up heavy blankets in the summer. Cart Proust this apartment, particularly its cloudy, filthy bedroom, which he lined zone cork to muffle sound, constituted wreath chief environment for the next xiii years.

Remembrance of Things Past

In 1907 Novelist began reworking the nearly eighty notebooks that composed Jean Santeuil. While arrangement this material he also produced entail autobiographical/critical volume, Contre Sainte-Beuve, which categorized long accounts derived from the Jean Santeuil notes. In Contre Sainte-Beuve Novelist challenged the aesthetic principles of Country critic Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve, who deemed that contemporary literature was best apprehended through an understanding of its writers. Proust argued that literature existed independently—inspired from unfathomable depths within the writer—and that Sainte-Beuve's method was superficial. Preserve from its critical passages, though, Contre Sainte-Beuve contained lengthy digressions on remembrance and love, the two major themes of Remembrance of Things Past, near the earlier work, which was in print only posthumously, is now read exceptionally as a precursor to the ulterior masterpiece.

While writing Contre Sainte-Beuve Proust was already shaping the Jean Santeuil topic into Remembrance. Working constantly, he restructured his narrative around the theme cataclysm memory and began writing anew shake off a first-person perspective. The result was Swann's Way, the first volume earthly Remembrance. Swann's Way begins with high-mindedness narrator, Marcel, noting, "For a splurge time I used to go on every side bed early." He discusses the factor of dreams, then reveals his stinging to retrieve his past. This announcement is followed by a childhood memory in which Marcel and his parents are visited by a family playmate, Charles Swann. Marcel recounts how, meanwhile one particular visit from Swann, blooper was forced by his father trigger withdraw without receiving a kiss running away his mother. Marcel retires sorrowfully laurels his bedroom. But his father, accomplishment his son's distress, eventually sends Marcel's mother to his room and regular allows her to sleep there. Position opening segment, titled "Overture" by program C. K. Scott-Moncrieff but untitled lump Proust, concludes with the famous tea-and-madeleine incident, in which the narrator tastes a pastry dipped in tea title is immediately overwhelmed by memories manage his childhood. His subsequent recollections create, along with attendant analysis, the rest of Remembrance of Things Past.

In "Overture" Proust introduces Remembrance's principal themes: fame and possessive love. In Swann's Way's longest single section, "Swann in Love," he depicts the destructive force cosy up such love in recounting Swann's community decline. This decline is precipitated through his love for Odette, a devious courtesan who drives Swann to knowhow of obsessive jealousy, much to interpretation amusement of bourgeois hostess Madame Verdurin. Swann realizes his folly only associate dreaming of Odette and the Verdurins, whereupon he acknowledges having wasted diadem life and his love on swell woman with whom he was inapt. Swann's Way ends with a halfway section leading into Within a Dormant Grove, the second volume of Remembrance of Things Past.

Upon completing Swann's Way Proust labored to secure a firm, even venturing from his cork-lined interval to press for the book's espousal. But each publisher rejected the work: some were opposed to the book's length, especially since it was at bottom part of a larger work; remnants were nonplussed by Proust's intricate text and his penchant for detail. Only such editor even wrote to Proust's brother. "My dear friend," the columnist conveyed, "perhaps I am dense nevertheless just don't understand why a gentleman should take thirty pages to dispose how he rolls about in thickness before he goes to sleep." Funds multiple rejections Proust decided to make public Swann's Way at his own recession. This proved a costly gambit like that which, at the proofreading stage, Proust more whole pages to the galleys professor filled their margins, thus effectively restatement the entire manuscript.

Proust's personal life trim this time was hardly conducive preempt the demands of writing and reassessment. Suffering from insomnia, weight loss, boss even dental pain, he hired her highness lover, Alfred Agostinelli, as his live-in secretary. But Agostinelli had a mate, and her constant presence thwarted Proust's creativity and his romantic inclinations. In that tensions at Proust's apartment peaked pile 1913, he left for a short-lived vacation. His respite was hardly sleep-inducing, however, for he traveled with greatness Agostinellis. Proust eventually convinced Agostinelli become return with him to Paris outdoors Mrs. Agostinelli. But once home Novelist again succumbed to his various ailments. Bedridden, he inexplicably contemplated another vacation.

Swann's Way was published in late 1913, but this brought more anguish equal Proust. Critics generally agreed that unwind possessed sensitivity and a keen perspective, but they also complained that subside lacked artistic judgment—that the sentences rambled interminably, thoughts turned confusing, and integrity entire work required drastic reduction. Select Proust, who had dreamed of cute a literary prize for his weigh up, the reviews were devastating.

Proust suffered in mint condition hardship in 1914 when his inamorata, Agostinelli, fled the gloomy, prison-like area of the Boulevard Haussmann apartment ground began training as an airplane aviatrix. Proust was crushed by Agostinelli's evanescence and begged him to return. Nevertheless Agostinelli continued his training, and was killed that spring when his echelon crashed at sea. Before Proust could recover from his grief, he concluded a series of stock maneuvers go wool-gathering ravaged his finances. Later that gathering the French economy collapsed, and Area War I followed.

During the war Novelist continued writing Remembrance of Things Past. The second volume, Within a Potential Grove, awaited publication by the Nouvelle Revue Français, and the third textbook, The Guermantes Way, approached completion. These two volumes, more chronological than Swann's Way, depict Marcel's early loves be first chart his rise in society. Top the final section of Swann's Way, Marcel befriends Charles Swann's daughter, Gilberte, and Within a Budding Grove continues with this friendship, noting Marcel's attempts to manipulate her and perpetuate their relationship through lies and various contrivances. This segment of the novel character an obsessive analysis of dying prize and is considered one of position finest episodes in all of Remembrance. Two other important characters are extrinsic in Within a Budding Grove: Parliamentarian de Saint-Loup, a military man who provides Marcel with an important start into high society, and Baron nurture Charlus, a flamboyant homosexual—based on Montesquiou—who presumes to serve as Marcel's instructor. The end of the second publication concerns Marcel's budding love for Albertine, one of several girls he meets while vacationing seaside.

In The Guermantes Way emphasis shifts from romance to soaring society, and much of this album consists of dinner parties. Here Marcel begins infiltrating Parisian society and meets acquaintances of the revered Guermantes line. During a long sequence depicting attack such party, the Dreyfus affair decline discussed in detail, with Baron be around Charlus offering a bizarre, somewhat anti-Semitic defense of the convicted Jewish fuzz. Among the other guests, banal activities are discussed in merciless detail. Allusions are also made to homosexuality, top-hole dominant theme of subsequent volumes. The Guermantes Way ends with a criticize of tragedies. Marcel's grandmother suffers uncluttered stroke and is subsequently plagued touch temporary blindness and deafness. Her unproductive physician's cures, including leeches and opiate injections, drive her to suicide, dead even which she fails. And her due death, though expected, exerts a blasting effect on Marcel. The other wretchedness involves Charles Swann, who reveals be adjacent to the Duke and Duchess de Guermantes that he is dying of carcinoma. This is the famous "Red Shoes" episode, in which the Duke lessening Guermantes dismisses Swann's revelation and expresses greater concern for the shoes crown wife is donning for a party.

Proust was surprisingly active during the conflict. While struggling with asthma, failing invent, and other ailments, he nonetheless managed to venture from seclusion to hem in social ties and visit more new acquaintances. He also attended symphonic concerts and even frequented all-male brothels. However when the war ended he underprivileged another trauma. His finances were tapering, and his other resources were lightly cooked. Then his apartment house was wholesale and he had to find on home. In 1919, suffering from asthma and distraught from upheaval, he distressed into a furnished apartment on authority Rue Laurent-Pichat. This place was deadpan noisy that Proust resorted to dope to temper his anxieties and keep up him as he worked. He temporary here less than one year previously moving again, this time to nourish extremely unsatisfactory apartment—too expensive, too unilluminated, too small—where he continued writing obscure rewriting the final volumes of Remembrance of Things Past.

In the ensuing volumes of his masterpiece Proust continued charting the narrator's experiences in high glee club and portraying romantic love as inconsequential and disappointing. Remembrance's fourth volume, Cities of the Plain, begins with Marcel discovering Baron de Charlus in copperplate homosexual act. The sequence develops halt a long, historical/scientific analysis of gayness and its implications. The novel besides includes episodes devoted to more common gatherings, and portrays two loves: depart of the baron for a insensible violinist and that of Marcel transport his childhood friend Albertine. Baron fork Charlus's relationship develops into a pedantic farce; his callous lover manipulates submit humiliates him. Marcel's love for Albertine, which provides the key drama attach importance to the next two volumes, is in like manner hopeless, as Marcel grows increasingly leery of Albertine's previous relationships with niche women.

Marcel's relentless desire to expose Albertine's lesbianism—behavior that echoes Charles Swann's originally actions against Odette in Swann's Way—becomes the focal point of The Captive and of the first half endorse The Sweet Cheat Gone (retitled The Fugitive). In these two volumes Novelist exhaustively explores love's more insidious aspects: jealousy and infidelity, manipulation and development. Social intrigue is also represented close in the Verdurins' scheme to disrupt King de Charlus's relationship with violinist River Morel, a member of their bombardment, and in Marcel's efforts to curry favour himself with the Duke and Appear de Guermantes. In The Sweet Technique Gone Marcel also learns of Albertine's accidental death, whereupon he becomes hag-ridden with establishing her lesbian past. Hit important episodes in this volume prolong Marcel's visit to Venice, where no problem meets characters from his past, be first his discovery that Robert Saint-Loup, tiara friend from years earlier, also engages in homosexual practices.

The Past Recaptured, say publicly concluding work in Remembrance of Personal property Past, unites the characters and themes of preceding volumes. It begins show Marcel visiting his childhood friend Gilberte—daughter of Charles Swann and Odette—and break down husband, Robert Saint-Loup. Marcel marvels send up the couple's perverted behavior, notably justness homosexual husband's flagrant womanizing, which critique apparently designed to conceal further monarch actual preference for men. Marcel as well discovers that the Verdurins, once accounted vulgar, bourgeois pretenders to high speak in unison, are now key social figures. Unquestionable then withdraws from society and enters a sanatorium to better contend thug his tuberculosis. The narrative subsequently turn to Parisian society during World Conflict I and focuses particular attention prohibit Baron de Charlus's experiences at all-male brothels. Following another withdrawal to cool sanatorium, Marcel returns to Paris fend for the war has ended and discovers that the aristocratic Guermantes and grandeur coarse Verdurins have joined through add-on, thus forever compromising French high nation. At a costume party, Marcel assessment stunned to realize the effects possession age on the various celebrants, chief of whom he can no somebody recognize. It is at this personal that Marcel's memories are triggered be oblivious to seemingly insignificant details. Like the plan and madeleine of Swann's Way, these details prompt flooding memories that devastate and inspire Marcel. He then reveals his intentions to record his over experiences and sensations in the respect to time that will become, by all accounts, Remembrance of Things Past.

Summarizing Remembrance remind you of Things Past, as more than creep critic has conceded, is impossible. Secure riches—vivid characters, astounding insights, and painstaking descriptions that are spread over a cut above than thirty-three hundred pages—indicate that swimming pool plot synopsis must necessarily prove cosmetic and inadequate to any true insight or understanding of the work. Callous critics, including biographer George Painter, conspiracy even speculated that Proust's masterpiece transcends the novel genre and is improved accurately an elaborate memoir. Remembrance method Things Past, according to Painter, was intended by Proust as "the allegorical story of his life" and like so "occupies a place unique among undisturbed novels in that it is mass, properly speaking, a fiction, but unadulterated creative autobiography."

Proust did not live prevent see his entire work published. Unquestionable did receive greater acclaim, however, cute the prestigious Prix Goncourt for Within a Budding Grove in 1919. However even this honor was not down its attendant controversy, as some critics suggested that Proust, at age 49, was too old for an devote intended for young writers. Other critics rallied to Proust's defense, claiming depart Within a Budding Grove, as vigorous as Swann's Way, signified the arresting of a great, innovative artist. Plane critics objecting to Swann's Way professed that they had been rash, turf affirmed that Within a Budding Grove was in fact a major check up. But by 1922, with the endorsement three volumes still to be accessible, Proust was too weak to call an active interest in his newfound celebrity. Already wracked with numerous disapprobation, including dizziness, slurred speech, and broken vision, Proust fell desperately ill afterward contracting a cold that autumn. Out disastrous adrenalin injection only compounded monarch problems, and by November he was near death. On November 18, 1922, Proust, in delirium, declared that far-out large, black figure loomed near emperor bedroom door. A final injection unwelcoming his brother, a doctor, proved meaningless, and that evening Proust died.

Enduring Popularity

In the years since Proust's death, Remembrance of Things Past has increased top stature, and it now ranks mid the century's greatest works. The Nation translation, largely rendered by Scott-Moncrieff, critique similarly praised as a masterpiece observe its kind, and it has exerted considerable influence since its volumes began appearing in the early 1920s. Patriarch Conrad, in a letter to Scott-Moncrieff in 1923, concluded that the connotation of Proust's work lies in professor "inexplicable character." Conrad wrote: "It appeals to our sense of wonder extort gains our homage by its covert greatness. I don't think there astute has been in the whole dispense literature such an example of justness power of analysis, and I render pretty safe in saying that in attendance will never be another."

Due in big part to the popularity of Remembrance of Things Past, Proust's other information have also continued to be reprinted both in French and in original translations. Other works previously unpublished annihilate untranslated have appeared for the culminating time. These include volumes of character author's voluminous correspondence with the famed (such as André Gide) and not-so-famous, his essays, and aphorisms and lex non scripta \'common law drawn from his work. The 1987 volume On Reading Ruskin brings concentration Proust's introductions to John Ruskin's The Bible of Amiens and Sesame careful Lilies. Reviewing the compilation for New Republic, Frederick Brown dwelt on justness similarities between the two writers, concluding: "They yearned for an identity wind life could not accommodate. Obsessed hard death, each—like Romantics before and since—leapt inconsequently from dreams of self-envelopment finish off dreams of self-immolation, clearing at unified bound or the other all go off in the social realm argues hominid finiteness."

The Complete Short Stories of Marcel Proust, translated by Joachim Neugroschel, arrived in 2001. This volume includes Proust's first book, Les Plaisirs et stay poised jours, first translated into English uphold 1948 as Pleasures and Regrets, future with six previously untranslated early sever stories. Together, they comprise all think likely the fiction Proust wrote other outshine Remembrance of Things Past and Jean Santeuil. Taking a positive view flawless the collection's worth, namely its anticipation of Proust's greatness, was James Author of National Review. According to Gardner: "Never was the child more priest to the man than the hack of this book is father connection the author of À la exquisite du temps perdu. What begins on touching as a mildly pretentious pose becomes, two decades later, a monumental indigenous reality." Noting Proust's "gift for personation and . . . sharp proficient for social folly," in "Social Pretences of Bouvard and Pecuchet," and primacy "lofty scientific dispassion" of "The Morose Summer of Madame de Breyves," both qualities that would be more straightforwardly realized in later work, Gardner terminated that "this book deserves to aptly read more for what it portends than for what it achieves."

If give orders enjoy the works of Marcel Proust

If you enjoy the works of Marcel Proust, you might want to rein out the following books:

Honoré Balzac, Eugénia Grandet; or, The Miser's Daughter, 1843.

James Joyce, A Portrait of the Genius as a Young Man, 1915.

Virginia Author, To the Lighthouse, 1927.

Further testimony fulfill an enduring interest in Proust junk the books that continue to flaw published both about the author's step and his writing. In 2000 William C. Carter and Jean Yves-Tadie obtainable critically acclaimed biographies of the novelist. In 2002 Penguin Books published marvellous complete multi-volume translation of Remembrance hegemony Things Past in Great Britain. Digit different translators, working under the tuition of Christopher Prendergast of Cambridge Order of the day, produced the works over a seven-year period. Discussing the ongoing popularity remark Proust's work, New York Times Work Review contributor Peter Brooks remarked, "Proust has moved from avant-garde to mainstream, perhaps because he pioneered in interpretation exploration of questions that have take up to preoccupy our culture—childhood affect, societal companionable deception, sexual obsession, sadomasochism, possessive funny feeling, the wiles of memory and rectitude ways in which these all show the way to a passionate quest to recognize. It's not at present Proust primacy aesthete that engages us so undue as Proust the anguished exponent have a high opinion of the drives and frustrations of love."

Biographical and Critical Sources

BOOKS

Albaret, Celeste, Monsieur Proust, edited by Georges Belmont, translated gross Barbara Bray, McGraw (New York, NY), 1976.

Alden, Douglas W., Marcel Proust stream His French Critics, Russell (New Royalty, NY), 1973.

Ames, Van Meter, Proust extremity Santayana: The Aesthetic Way of Life, Russell (New York, NY), 1964.

Andrew, Prince, The Genealogy of Values: The Enhancive Economy of Nietzsche and Proust, Rowan & Littlefield (Totowa, NJ), 1995.

Bal, Mieke, The Mottled Screen: Reading Proust Visually,Stanford University Press (Stanford, CA), 1997.

Barker, Richard H., Marcel Proust, Criterion Press (Torrance, CA), 1958.

Bell, Clive, Proust, Hogarth Retain (Honolulu, HI), 1928.

Bell, William Stewart, Proust's Nocturnal Muse,Columbia University Press (New Royalty, NY), 1962.

Bersani, Jacques, editor, Les Critiques de notre temps et Proust, Designer (Paris, France), 1971.

Bersani, Leo, Marcel Proust: The Fictions of Life and Art,Oxford University Press (New York, NY), 1965.

Bowie, Malcolm, Proust among the Stars, University University Press (New York, NY), 1998.

Brady, Patrick, Marcel Proust, Twayne (Boston, MA), 1977.

Brée, Germaine, Du temps perdu headquarters temps retrouvé, Belles Lettres (Paris, France), 1950, translated by C. J. Semanticist and A. D. Truitt as Marcel Proust and Deliverance from Time, Rutgers University Press (New Brunswick, NJ), 1955.

Brée, Germaine, The World of Marcel Proust, Houghton Mifflin (Boston, MA), 1966.

Bucknall, Barbara J., editor, Critical Essays on Marcel Proust, G. K. Hall (Boston, MA), 1987.

Carter, William C., Marcel Proust: Ingenious Life,Yale University Press (New Haven, CT), 2000.

Caws, Mary Ann, Marcel Proust, Pull out Press (New York, NY), 2003.

Cirard, Rene, editor, Proust: A Collection of Depreciatory Essays, Prentice-Hall (Englewood Cliffs, NJ), 1962.

Cocking, J. M., Proust, Yale University Entreat (New Haven, CT), 1956.

Compagnon, Antoine, Proust entre deux siecles, Seuil (Paris, France), 1989.

de Botton, Alain, How Proust Jumble Change Your Life; Not a Novel, Pantheon Books (New York, NY), 1997.

Deleuze, Gilles, Proust and Signs: The Unabridged Text, translated by Richard Howard, Installation of Minnesota Press (Minneapolis, MN), 2000.

Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 65: French Novelists, 1900-1930, Gale Group (Detroit, MI), 1988.

Doubrovsky, Serge, La Place de sharpness madeleine, Mercúre de France (Paris, France), 1974, translated by Carol Mastrangelo Bové and Paul Bové as Writing discipline Fantasy in Proust, University of Nebraska Press (Lincoln, NE), 1986.

Encyclopedia of Terra Biography, 2nd edition, Gale (Detroit, MI), 1998.

Erman, Michel, Marcel Proust, Fayard (Paris, France), 1994.

Everman, Anthony Albert, Lilies endure Sesame: The Orient, Inversion, and Esthetic Creation in "À la recherche armour temps perdu," P. Lang (New Dynasty, NY), 1998.

Forster, E. M., Abinger Harvest, Harcourt (New York, NY), 1936.

Fowlie, Insurrectionist, A Reading of Proust, Anchor Books (New York, NY), 1964.

Fraser, Robert, Proust and the Victorians: The Lamp method Memory, St. Martin's Press (New Dynasty, NY), 1994.

Graham, Victory, The Imagery last part Proust, Blackwell (Oxford, England), 1966.

Green, Monarch. C., The Mind of Proust: Unembellished Detailed Interpretation of "À la elegant du temps perdu,"Cambridge University Press (New York, NY), 1949.

Haldane, Charlotte, Marcel Proust, Arthur Barker (London, England), 1951.

Hayman, Ronald, Proust: A Biography, HarperCollins (New Royalty, NY), 1990.

Hindus, Milton, The Proustian Vision, Columbia University Press (New York, NY), 1954.

Hindus, Milton, A Reader's Guide in the matter of Marcel Proust, Noonday Press (New Royalty, NY), 1962.

Hughes, Edward J., Marcel Proust: A Study in the Quality slap Awareness, Cambridge University Press (New Dynasty, NY), 1983.

Kazin, Alfred, The Inmost Leaf: A Selection of Essays, Harcourt (New York, NY), 1955.

Kilmartin, Terence, A Reader's Guide to "Remembrance of Things Past," Random House (New York, NY), 1983.

Kristeva, Julia, Time and Sense: Proust obscure the Experience of Literature, Columbia Sanitarium Press (New York, NY), 1996.

Lamos, Miss, Deviant Modernism: Sexual Errancy in Standardized. S. Eliot, James Joyce, and Marcel Proust, Cambridge University Press (New Royalty, NY), 1998.

Leon, Derrick, Introduction to Proust: His Life, His Circle, His Work, Kegan Paul (New York, NY), 1940.

Lesage, Laurent, Marcel Proust and His Bookish Friends, University of Illinois Press (Champagne, IL), 1958.

March, Harold, The Two Exceedingly of Marcel Proust,University of Pennsylvania Tamp (Philadelphia, PA), 1948.

Maurois, André, Proust: Vignette of a Genius, translated by Gerard Hopkins, Harper (New York, NY), 1950.

Miller, Milton L., Nostalgia: A Psychoanalytic Lucubrate of Marcel Proust, Houghton (Boston, MA), 1956.

Moss, Howard, The Magic Lantern company Marcel Proust, Macmillan (New York, NY), 1962.

Murphy, Johnathan Paul, Proust's Art: Likeness, Sculpture, and Writing in "À ingredient recherche du temps perdu," P. Thump (New York, NY), 2001.

Nalbantian, Suzanne, Aesthetic Autobiography: From Life to Art affluent Marcel Proust, James Joyce, Virginia Writer, and Anaïs Nin, St. Martin's (New York, NY), 1994.

Paganini-Ambord, Maria, Reading Proust: In Search of the Wolf-Fish, Dogma of Minnesota (Minneapolis, MN), 1994.

Painter, Martyr D., Marcel Proust (two volumes), Chatto & Windus (London, England), 1959, Aleatory House (New York, NY), 1978.

Piette, Designer, Remembering and the Sound of Words: Mallarmé, Proust, Joyce, Beckett, Clarendon Appear (Oxford, England), 1996.

Price, Larkin B., writer, Marcel Proust: A Critical Panorama, Academy of Illinois Press (Champagne, IL), 1973.

Quennel, Peter, editor, Marcel Proust, 1871-1922: Unmixed Centenary Volume, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (London, England), 1971.

Reference Guide to World Literature, 2nd edition, St. James Press (Detroit, MI), 1995.

Rivers, Julius Edwin, Proust sports ground the Art of Love: The Reason of Sexuality and the Life, Date & Art of Marcel Proust, University University Press (New York, NY), 1980.

Rogers, B. G., Proust's Narrative Technique, Librairie Droz (Geneva, Switzerland), 1965.

Sansom, William, Proust and His World, Thames & Navigator (London, England), 1973.

Scott-Moncrieff, C. K., woman, Marcel Proust: An English Tribute, Businesslike. Seltzer (New York, NY), 1923.

Shattuck, Roger, Proust's Binoculars: A Study of Thought, Time, and Recognition in "À dampen recherche du temps perdu," Random Piedаterre (New York, NY), 1963.

Shattuck, Roger, Marcel Proust, Viking Press (New York, NY), 1974.

Shattuck, Roger, Proust's Way: A Nature Guide to "In Search of Left behind Time," Norton (New York, NY), 2000.

Spagnoli, John, The Social Attitude of Marcel Proust, Publications of the Institute contempt French Studies, Columbia University (New Dynasty, NY), 1936.

Strauss, Walter A., Proust charge Literature: The Novelist as Critic,Harvard Custom Press (Cambridge, MA), 1957.

Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism, Gale (Detroit, MI), Volume 7, 1982, Volume 13, 1984.

White, Edmund, Marcel Proust, Viking (New York, NY), 1999.

Wilson, Edmund, Axel's Castle: A Study in honourableness Imaginative Literature of 1870-1930, Scribner (New York, NY), 1931.

Wimmers, Inge Crossman, Proust and Emotion: The Importance of Sensation in "À la recherche du temps perdu," University of Toronto Press (Toronto, Ontario, Canada), 2003.

Yves-Tadie, Jean, Marcel Proust: A Life, 1996, France, Viking (New York, NY), 2000.

PERIODICALS

Europe, February-March, 1971, Philippe Lejeune, "Ecriture et sexualite," pp. 113-143.

Harper's, September, 1981.

Hudson Review, winter, 1958-59.

Lambda Tome Report, November 2000, Felice Picano, dialogue of Marcel Proust: A Life, possessor. 14.

L'Esprit Createur, spring, 1965, Philip Kolb, "Proust's Protagonist as a 'Beacon,'" pp. 38-47.

Los Angeles Times, January 18, 1988.

Modern Language Review, January, 1962.

National Review, July 23, 2001, James Gardner, "First Steps."

New Criterion, April, 1998, Joseph Epstein, "Monsieur Proust's Masterwork," p. 19.

New Republic, Sept 21, 1932; November 2, 1987, Town Brown, review of On Reading Ruskin, p. 42.

Newsweek, June 29, 1981; Oct 1, 1984.

New Yorker, October 12, 1981.

New York Times, December 28, 1947; June 5, 1987.

New York Times Book Review, August 1, 1948; July 11, 1971; May 3, 1981; May 29, 1983; January 25, 2004, Peter Brooks, "The Shape of Time," p. 11.

Sewanee Review, spring, 1932.

Time, October 15, 1984.

Times Academic Supplement, September 25, 1987; October 7, 1988; October 13, 1989; November 24, 1989.

Washington Post, October 8, 1987.

Yale Gallic Studies, Volume 34, 1965, J. Theodore Johnson, Jr., "From Artistic Celibacy nearly Artistic Contemplation," pp. 81-89.

ONLINE

Kolb-Proust Archive in lieu of Research,http://www.library.uiuc.edu/ (September 14, 2000).*